Improvements to libdrake.so list of components

[jwnimmer-tri]

Pasted from #6452 (comment):

FYI Here's some nice-to-haves that don't need to block this PR:

• When e.g. //drake/systems/framework:framework exists (as a rollup of everything in the folder), we should only list that, instead of writing out every individual component.
  • WIP https://github.com/jwnimmer-tri/drake/commits/build-libdrake-all-stash
• We should add more folder rollup libraries (possibly some of them should only be visible to this install target), so that more folders use the above simplification.
  • WIP https://github.com/jwnimmer-tri/drake/commits/build-libdrake-all-stash
• We should make the "update to a new list of exported targets" more automated, such as relocating the "here's the bazel query() you should run" code from a comment into a script that emits a .bzl file that gets load()ed here. (Writing it in python would allow us to easily capture our heuristics like the folder-rollup suggestions above, or other exceptional cases.)
  • A regression test could confirm that the script's output matched the checked-in version.
• We should install drake/thirdParty libraries via WORKSPACE not here.

Perhaps not all of these are worth doing, but I didn't want to lose track of them.

[jwnimmer-tri]

I am working on this from time to time as part of #6996.