[SPARK-49773][SQL] Uncaught Java exception from make_timestamp() wi…

…th bad timezone

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR proposes to fix the uncaught Java exception from `make_timestamp()` with bad timezone

### Why are the changes needed?

To improve the error message

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

No API changes, but the user-facing error message is changed:

**Before**
```
spark-sql (default)> select make_timestamp(1, 2, 28, 23, 1, 1, -100);
Invalid ID for ZoneOffset, invalid format: -100
```

**After**
```
spark-sql (default)> select make_timestamp(1, 2, 28, 23, 1, 1, -100);
[INVALID_TIMEZONE] The timezone: -100 is invalid.  The timezone must be either a region-based zone ID or a zone offset. Region IDs must have the form ‘area/city’, such as ‘America/Los_Angeles’. Zone offsets must be in the format ‘(+|-)HH’, ‘(+|-)HH:mm’ or ‘(+|-)HH:mm:ss’, e.g ‘-08’, ‘+01:00’ or ‘-13:33:33’., and must be in the range from -18:00 to +18:00. 'Z' and 'UTC' are accepted as synonyms for '+00:00'. SQLSTATE: 22009
```

### How was this patch tested?

CI

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

No

Closes apache#48260 from itholic/SPARK-49773.

Lead-authored-by: Haejoon Lee <haejoon.lee@databricks.com>
Co-authored-by: Haejoon Lee <haejoon@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Haejoon Lee <haejoon.lee@databricks.com>

common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-conditions.json

@@ -3113,6 +3113,12 @@
     ],
     "sqlState" : "42K0F"
   },
+  "INVALID_TIMEZONE" : {
+    "message" : [
+      "The timezone: <timeZone> is invalid. The timezone must be either a region-based zone ID or a zone offset. Region IDs must have the form 'area/city', such as 'America/Los_Angeles'. Zone offsets must be in the format '(+|-)HH', '(+|-)HH:mm’ or '(+|-)HH:mm:ss', e.g '-08' , '+01:00' or '-13:33:33', and must be in the range from -18:00 to +18:00. 'Z' and 'UTC' are accepted as synonyms for '+00:00'."
+    ],
+    "sqlState" : "22009"
+  },
   "INVALID_TIME_TRAVEL_SPEC" : {
     "message" : [
       "Cannot specify both version and timestamp when time travelling the table."

common/utils/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/SparkException.scala

@@ -306,8 +306,9 @@ private[spark] class SparkDateTimeException private(
     message: String,
     errorClass: Option[String],
     messageParameters: Map[String, String],
-    context: Array[QueryContext])
-  extends DateTimeException(message) with SparkThrowable {
+    context: Array[QueryContext],
+    cause: Option[Throwable])
+  extends DateTimeException(message, cause.orNull) with SparkThrowable {
 
   def this(
     errorClass: String,
@@ -318,7 +319,23 @@ private[spark] class SparkDateTimeException private(
       SparkThrowableHelper.getMessage(errorClass, messageParameters, summary),
       Option(errorClass),
       messageParameters,
-      context
+      context,
+      cause = None
+    )
+  }
+
+  def this(
+    errorClass: String,
+    messageParameters: Map[String, String],
+    context: Array[QueryContext],
+    summary: String,
+    cause: Option[Throwable]) = {
+    this(
+      SparkThrowableHelper.getMessage(errorClass, messageParameters, summary),
+      Option(errorClass),
+      messageParameters,
+      context,
+      cause.orElse(None)
     )
   }
 

sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/util/SparkDateTimeUtils.scala

@@ -41,12 +41,16 @@ trait SparkDateTimeUtils {
   final val singleMinuteTz = Pattern.compile("(\\+|\\-)(\\d\\d):(\\d)$")
 
   def getZoneId(timeZoneId: String): ZoneId = {
-    // To support the (+|-)h:mm format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
-    var formattedZoneId = singleHourTz.matcher(timeZoneId).replaceFirst("$10$2:")
-    // To support the (+|-)hh:m format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
-    formattedZoneId = singleMinuteTz.matcher(formattedZoneId).replaceFirst("$1$2:0$3")
-
-    ZoneId.of(formattedZoneId, ZoneId.SHORT_IDS)
+    try {
+      // To support the (+|-)h:mm format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
+      var formattedZoneId = singleHourTz.matcher(timeZoneId).replaceFirst("$10$2:")
+      // To support the (+|-)hh:m format because it was supported before Spark 3.0.
+      formattedZoneId = singleMinuteTz.matcher(formattedZoneId).replaceFirst("$1$2:0$3")
+      ZoneId.of(formattedZoneId, ZoneId.SHORT_IDS)
+    } catch {
+      case e: java.time.DateTimeException =>
+        throw ExecutionErrors.zoneOffsetError(timeZoneId, e)
+    }
   }
 
   def getTimeZone(timeZoneId: String): TimeZone = TimeZone.getTimeZone(getZoneId(timeZoneId))

sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/ExecutionErrors.scala

@@ -238,6 +238,17 @@ private[sql] trait ExecutionErrors extends DataTypeErrorsBase {
         "encoderType" -> encoder.getClass.getName,
         "docroot" -> SparkBuildInfo.spark_doc_root))
   }
+
+  def zoneOffsetError(
+      timeZone: String,
+      e: java.time.DateTimeException): SparkDateTimeException = {
+    new SparkDateTimeException(
+      errorClass = "INVALID_TIMEZONE",
+      messageParameters = Map("timeZone" -> timeZone),
+      context = Array.empty,
+      summary = "",
+      cause = Some(e))
+  }
 }
 
 private[sql] object ExecutionErrors extends ExecutionErrors

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionAnsiErrorsSuite.scala

@@ -391,4 +391,14 @@ class QueryExecutionAnsiErrorsSuite extends QueryTest
       }
     }
   }
+
+  test("SPARK-49773: INVALID_TIMEZONE for bad timezone") {
+    checkError(
+      exception = intercept[SparkDateTimeException] {
+        sql("select make_timestamp(1, 2, 28, 23, 1, 1, -100)").collect()
+      },
+      condition = "INVALID_TIMEZONE",
+      parameters = Map("timeZone" -> "-100")
+    )
+  }
 }