expression: let cast function supports explicit set charset (#55724)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #55724

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #55677

Problem Summary: Ref https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/cast-functions.html#cast-function-descriptions

What changed and how does it work?

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

[ti-chi-bot]

@Defined2014 This PR has conflicts, I have hold it.
Please resolve them or ask others to resolve them, then comment /unhold to remove the hold label.

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: Defined2014, XuHuaiyu

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• OWNERS [Defined2014,XuHuaiyu]

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[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2025-02-07 02:58:36.325131142 +0000 UTC m=+413387.857543139: ☑️ agreed by Defined2014.
• 2025-02-07 03:08:18.974190651 +0000 UTC m=+413970.506602649: ☑️ agreed by XuHuaiyu.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 78.43137% with 11 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Please upload report for BASE (release-6.5@c5e26e9). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             release-6.5     #59287   +/-   ##
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  Coverage               ?   73.7160%           
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  Files                  ?       1097           
  Lines                  ?     353493           
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  Hits                   ?     260581           
  Misses                 ?      76151           
  Partials               ?      16761           

[Defined2014]

/retest