expression: let cast function supports explicit set charset (#55724)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #55724

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #55677

Problem Summary: Ref https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/cast-functions.html#cast-function-descriptions

What changed and how does it work?

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

[Defined2014]

/retest

[Defined2014]

/retest

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 85.10638% with 7 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Please upload report for BASE (release-8.1@1e2bb37). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             release-8.1     #58154   +/-   ##
================================================
  Coverage               ?   71.2017%           
================================================
  Files                  ?       1467           
  Lines                  ?     423502           
  Branches               ?          0           
================================================
  Hits                   ?     301541           
  Misses                 ?     101458           
  Partials               ?      20503           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	71.2017% <85.1063%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
dumpling	52.9656% <0.0000%> (?)
parser	∅ <0.0000%> (?)
br	41.2949% <0.0000%> (?)

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: AilinKid, XuHuaiyu

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Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [AilinKid,XuHuaiyu]
• pkg/expression/OWNERS [XuHuaiyu]
• pkg/planner/OWNERS [AilinKid]

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[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2024-12-11 06:54:49.875394888 +0000 UTC m=+421479.964197430: ☑️ agreed by AilinKid.
• 2024-12-11 08:28:35.714500974 +0000 UTC m=+427105.803303517: ☑️ agreed by XuHuaiyu.