apacheGH-35497: [C++] Use the latest tagged version of flatbuffers (a…

…pache#38192)

### Rationale for this change

To use a more modern version of `flatc` in Arrow.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1) Re-generating the the C++ files with a `flatc` based on the latest tag on the `flatbuffer` repo.
2) Copy the minimal set of includes to our vendored folder
3) Manually re-apply the patches that have been applied to the previous headers to fix issues

### Are these changes tested?

Tested by building everything correctly.
* Closes: apache#35497

Authored-by: Felipe Oliveira Carvalho <felipekde@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>