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Flowsheets documentation ADM1, ASM1, ASM2d (#1376)
* flowsheet documentation * adding note of modified ASM2d * fix error * moving images to static * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ADM1.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ASM1.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ASM2d.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ASM2d.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ADM1.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ASM2d.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> * applying suggestions * changing image width * changing link format * Update docs/technical_reference/flowsheets/ADM1.rst Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> --------- Co-authored-by: MarcusHolly <96305519+MarcusHolly@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Ludovico Bianchi <lbianchi@lbl.gov>
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| Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 | ||
| =============================== | ||
|
|
||
| Introduction | ||
| ------------ | ||
|
|
||
| The IWA created Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) with a mathematical model to predict anaerobic digestion scenarios. | ||
| The objective of the mathematical model is to simulate biological reactions simultaneously with the disintegration, uptake, and decay of microorganisms | ||
| in anaerobic sludge. The property and reaction relationships `ADM1 | ||
| <https://watertap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/technical_reference/property_models/ADM1.html>`_ | ||
| of an anaerobic digestion model for industrial wastewater treatment from food and beverage production using an anaerobic digester as provided in | ||
| `Batstone, D. J. et al. (2002) | ||
| <https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-abstract/45/10/65/6034/The-IWA-Anaerobic-Digestion-Model-No-1-ADM1?redirectedFrom=fulltext>`_ and `Rosen, C. et al. | ||
| (2006) <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17037165/>`_ | ||
|
|
||
| Implementation | ||
| -------------- | ||
|
|
||
| Figure 1 shows the process flow diagram for ADM1 where the flowsheet only includes the anaerobic digester which processes sludge to produce a | ||
| biogas stream and residual sludge. S_h2 and S_ch4 exist in both vapor phase and liquid phase, S_co2 exists in the vapor phase, and the other components | ||
| only exist in the liquid phase. The amount of CO2 dissolved in the liquid phase is equivalent to S_IC - S_HCO3-. | ||
| The flowsheet relies on the following key assumptions: | ||
|
|
||
| * supports steady-state only | ||
| * property and reaction packages are provided for the anaerobic digester model (ADM) | ||
|
|
||
| .. figure:: ../../_static/flowsheets/ADM1.png | ||
| :width: 500 | ||
| :align: center | ||
|
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| Figure 1. ADM1 flowsheet | ||
|
|
||
| Documentation for each of the unit models can be found below. All unit models were set up with their default configuration arguments. | ||
| * `Anaerobic digester <https://watertap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/technical_reference/unit_models/anaerobic_digester.html>`_ | ||
|
|
||
| Documentation for the property model can be found below. | ||
| * `ADM1 <https://watertap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/technical_reference/property_models/ADM1.html>`_ | ||
|
|
||
| Degrees of Freedom | ||
| ------------------ | ||
| The following variables are initially specified for simulating the ADM1 flowsheet (i.e., degrees of freedom = 0): | ||
| * sludge conditions (flow, temperature, pressure, component concentrations, and alkalinity) | ||
| * anaerobic digester liquid volume, vapor volume, and liquid outlet temperature | ||
|
|
||
| Flowsheet Specifications | ||
| ------------------------ | ||
|
|
||
| .. csv-table:: | ||
| :header: "Description", "Value", "Units" | ||
|
|
||
| "**Sludge**:math:`^1`" | ||
| "Volumetric flow","170", ":math:`\text{m}^3\text{/day}`" | ||
| "Temperature", "308.15", ":math:`\text{K}`" | ||
| "Pressure", "1", ":math:`\text{atm}`" | ||
| "Monosaccharides (S_su) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Amino acids (S_aa) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Long chain fatty acids (S_fa) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Total valerate (S_va) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Total butyrates (S_bu) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Total propionate (S_pro) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Total acetate (S_ac) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Hydrogen gas (S_h2) concentration", "1e-5", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Methane gas (S_ch4) concentration", "1e-2", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Inorganic carbon (S_IC) concentration", "40", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Inorganic nitrogen (S_IN) concentration", "1", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Soluble inerts (S_I) concentration", "20", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Composites (X_c) concentration", "2000", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Carbohydrates (X_ch) concentration", "5000", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Proteins (X_pr) concentration", "20000", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Lipids (X_li) concentration", "5000", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Sugar degraders (X_su) concentration", "0", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Amino acid degraders (X_aa) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Long chain fatty acid (LCFA) degraders (X_fa) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Valerate and butyrate degraders (X_c4) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Propionate degraders (X_pro) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Acetate degraders (X_ac) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Hydrogen degraders (X_h2) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Particulate inerts (X_I) concentration", "10", ":math:`\text{mg/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Total cation equivalents concentration (S_cat) concentration", "40", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Total anion equivalents concentration (S_an) concentration", "20", ":math:`\text{mmol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
|
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||
| "**Anaerobic Digester**" | ||
| "Anaerobic digester liquid volume", "3400", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Anaerobic digester vapor volume", "300", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Anaerobic digester liquid outlet temperature", "308.15", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
|
|
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| Future Refinements | ||
| ------------------ | ||
|
|
||
| The following modifications to ADM1 are planned for development: | ||
| * Adding thermal energy requirements to the anaerobic digester | ||
|
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||
| References | ||
| ---------- | ||
| [1] Batstone, D.J., Keller, J., Angelidaki, I., Kalyuzhnyi, S.V., Pavlostathis, S.G., Rozzi, A., Sanders, W.T.M., Siegrist, H.A. and Vavilin, V.A., 2002. | ||
| The IWA anaerobic digestion model no 1 (ADM1). | ||
| Water Science and technology, 45(10), pp.65-73. | ||
| https://iwaponline.com/wst/article-abstract/45/10/65/6034 | ||
|
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||
| [2] Rosen, C. and Jeppsson, U., 2006. | ||
| Aspects on ADM1 Implementation within the BSM2 Framework. | ||
| Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, pp.1-35. | ||
| https://www.iea.lth.se/WWTmodels_download/TR_ADM1.pdf |
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| Activated Sludge Model No. 1 | ||
| ============================ | ||
|
|
||
| Introduction | ||
| ------------ | ||
|
|
||
| Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) was created by the International Water Association (IWA) to create a mathematical model to predict the output of activated sludge | ||
| models. The model aims to incorporate carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification. The model quantifies | ||
| the kinetics and stoichiometry of each process. The `ASM1 | ||
| <https://watertap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/technical_reference/property_models/ASM1.html>`_ property and reaction relationships | ||
| are based on the relationships for the activated sludge biological reactor provided in `Henze, M. et al. (1987) | ||
| <https://belinra.inrae.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4467>`_. | ||
|
|
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| Implementation | ||
| -------------- | ||
|
|
||
| Figure 1 shows the process flow diagram for ASM1, where influent wastewater is fed to a series of activated sludge | ||
| reactors and a secondary clarifier (secondary treatment). CSTRs are used to model the two anoxic reactors in the activated | ||
| sludge process and CSTRs with injection (which accounts for aeration tanks) are used to model the three aerobic reactors. | ||
| Finally, the effluent is passed through a clarifier. Note that a pressure changer is required in the recycle stream to ensure the | ||
| pressure inside the recycle loop, is bounded. As the inlet Mixer uses a pressure minimization constraint and there is no pressure | ||
| drop in the reactors, if pressure is not specified at some point within the recycle loop then it becomes unbounded. | ||
| The flowsheet relies on the following key assumptions: | ||
|
|
||
| * supports steady-state only | ||
| * property and reaction packages are provided for the activated sludge model (ASM) | ||
| * the clarifier is modeled as a separator with split fractions by components | ||
|
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| .. figure:: ../../_static/flowsheets/ASM1.png | ||
| :width: 800 | ||
| :align: center | ||
|
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| Figure 1. ASM1 flowsheet | ||
|
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||
| Documentation for each of the unit models can be found below. All unit models were set up with their default configuration arguments. | ||
| * `CSTR <https://idaes-pse.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference_guides/model_libraries/generic/unit_models/cstr.html>`_ | ||
| * Aeration tank | ||
| * Secondary clarifier | ||
|
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||
| Documentation for the property model can be found below. | ||
| * `ASM1 <https://watertap.readthedocs.io/en/latest/technical_reference/property_models/ASM1.html>`_ | ||
|
|
||
| Degrees of Freedom | ||
| ------------------ | ||
| The following variables are initially specified for simulating the ASM1 flowsheet (i.e., degrees of freedom = 0): | ||
| * feed water conditions (flow, temperature, pressure, component concentrations, and alkalinity) | ||
| * volume of activated sludge reactors | ||
| * component injection rates for aerobic reactors | ||
| * secondary clarifier split fraction(s) | ||
| * pressure changer outlet pressure (feeds into the activated sludge process) | ||
|
|
||
| Flowsheet Specifications | ||
| ------------------------ | ||
|
|
||
| .. csv-table:: | ||
| :header: "Description", "Value", "Units" | ||
|
|
||
| "**Feed Water**:math:`^1`" | ||
| "Volumetric flow","18446", ":math:`\text{m}^3\text{/day}`" | ||
| "Temperature", "298.15", ":math:`\text{K}`" | ||
| "Pressure", "1", ":math:`\text{atm}`" | ||
| "Soluble inert organic matter (S_I) concentration", "30", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Readily biodegradable substrate (S_S) concentration", "69.5", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Particulate inert organic matter (X_I) concentration", "51.2", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Slowly biodegradable substrate (X_S) concentration", "202.32", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Active heterotrophic biomass (X_B,H) concentration", "28.17", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Active autotrophic biomass (X_B,A) concentration", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Particulate products arising from biomass decay (X_P) concentration", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Oxygen (S_O) concentration", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (S_NO) concentration", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "NH4 :math:`^{+}` + NH :math:`_{3}` Nitrogen (S_NH) concentration", "31.56", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Soluble biodegradable organic nitrogen (S_ND) concentration", "6.95", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Particulate biodegradable organic nitrogen (X_ND) concentration", "10.59", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Alkalinity (S_ALK)", "7", ":math:`\text{mol/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
|
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||
| "**Activated Sludge Process**" | ||
| "Reactor 1 volume", "1000", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 2 volume", "1000", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 3 volume", "1333", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 4 volume", "1333", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 5 volume", "1333", ":math:`\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 3 injection rate for component j", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{s}`" | ||
| "Reactor 4 injection rate for component j", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{s}`" | ||
| "Reactor 5 injection rate for component j", "0", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{s}`" | ||
| "Reactor 3 outlet oxygen (S_O) concentration", "0.00172", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 4 outlet oxygen (S_O) concentration", "0.00243", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 5 outlet oxygen (S_O) concentration", "0.00449", ":math:`\text{g/}\text{m}^3`" | ||
| "Reactor 5 underflow split fraction", "0.6", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Reactor 3 oxygen mass transfer coefficient", "10", ":math:`\text{hr}^{-1}`" | ||
| "Reactor 4 oxygen mass transfer coefficient", "10", ":math:`\text{hr}^{-1}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier H2O split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_I split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_S split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier X_I split fraction", "0.00187", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier X_S split fraction", "0.00187", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier X_BH split fraction", "0.00187", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier X_BA split fraction", "0.00187", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier X_P split fraction", "0.00187", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_O split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_NO split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_NH split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_ND split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier X_ND split fraction", "0.00187", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Secondary clarifier S_ALK split fraction", "0.48956", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Separator recycle split fraction", "0.97955", ":math:`\text{dimensionless}`" | ||
| "Recycle pump outlet pressure", "101325", ":math:`\text{Pa}`" | ||
|
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| Future Refinements | ||
| ------------------ | ||
|
|
||
| The following modifications to ASM1 are planned for development: | ||
| * Improving costing relationships in terms of detail, completeness, and reasonable validity | ||
| * Accounting for temperature-dependence in the oxygen mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and oxygen concentration at saturation | ||
| * Replacing the ideal-separator formulation in the secondary clarifier with the widely used double-exponential settling model (i.e., the Takacs model) | ||
|
|
||
| References | ||
| ---------- | ||
| [1] Henze, M., Grady, C.P.L., Gujer, W., Marais, G.v.R., Matsuo, T., | ||
| "Activated Sludge Model No. 1", 1987, IAWPRC Task Group on Mathematical Modeling | ||
| for Design and Operation of Biological Wastewater Treatment. | ||
| https://belinra.inrae.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4467 | ||
|
|
||
| [2] Alex, J. et al. Benchmark Simulation Model no.1 (BSM1). Lund University, 2008, 5-6. | ||
| https://www.iea.lth.se/publications/Reports/LTH-IEA-7229.pdf |
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