build(deps): bump golang from 1.23 to 1.24

Bumps golang from 1.23 to 1.24.

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: golang
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

Dockerfile.e2e-tests

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Taking a non-alpine image for e2e tests so that cgo can be enabled for the race detector.
-FROM golang:1.23.3 as builder
+FROM golang:1.24.0 as builder
 
 WORKDIR $GOPATH/src/github.com/thanos-io/thanos
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ COPY . $GOPATH/src/github.com/thanos-io/thanos
 RUN CGO_ENABLED=1 go build -o $GOBIN/thanos -race ./cmd/thanos
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-FROM golang:1.23
+FROM golang:1.24
 LABEL maintainer="The Thanos Authors"
 
 COPY --from=builder $GOBIN/thanos /bin/thanos

Dockerfile.multi-stage

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # By default we pin to amd64 sha. Use make docker to automatically adjust for arm64 versions.
 ARG BASE_DOCKER_SHA="14d68ca3d69fceaa6224250c83d81d935c053fb13594c811038c461194599973"
-FROM golang:1.23.3-alpine3.20 as builder
+FROM golang:1.24.0-alpine3.20 as builder
 
 WORKDIR $GOPATH/src/github.com/thanos-io/thanos
 # Change in the docker context invalidates the cache so to leverage docker