fix(python): Properly raise UDF errors

[ritchie46]

Always raise the errors instead of silently ignoring them. Also removes a panics.

fixes #19315
fixes #17499
fixes #11823
fixes #12675

And I assume a few other panic related issues.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 37.94872% with 363 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 78.98%. Comparing base (f242871) to head (5d10c6f).
Report is 4 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-python/src/map/series.rs	33.12%	315 Missing ⚠️
crates/polars-python/src/map/dataframe.rs	24.13%	22 Missing ⚠️
crates/polars-python/src/map/mod.rs	76.92%	15 Missing ⚠️
crates/polars-python/src/dataframe/general.rs	0.00%	10 Missing ⚠️
crates/polars-python/src/series/map.rs	90.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #20417   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   78.98%   78.98%           
=======================================
  Files        1562     1562           
  Lines      220111   220159   +48     
  Branches     2486     2486           
=======================================
+ Hits       173855   173897   +42     
- Misses      45683    45689    +6     
  Partials      573      573           

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