[SDK] Fix overflow in timeout logic #10154

Job	Run time
CMake test arm64 (with modern protobuf,grpc and abseil)	17m 58s
CMake clang 18 (maintainer mode, abiv2)	8m 20s
CMake clang 18 (maintainer mode, async)	8m 20s
CMake clang 18 (maintainer mode, sync)	8m 12s
CMake gcc 14 (maintainer mode, async)	11m 47s
CMake msvc (maintainer mode)	7m 34s
CMake gcc 14 (maintainer mode, sync)	12m 4s
CMake msvc (maintainer mode) with C++20	8m 3s
CMake test (without otlp-exporter)	4m 53s
CMake test (with abseil)	4m 38s
CMake test (with modern protobuf,grpc and abseil)	18m 52s
CMake test (with opentracing-shim)	4m 6s
CMake test (with otlp-exporter)	14m 35s
CMake C++14 test(GCC)	4m 13s
CMake C++17 test(GCC)	4m 40s
CMake C++20 test(Clang with libc++)	8m 31s
CMake C++20 test(GCC)	8m 45s
CMake C++23 test(Clang with libc++)	8m 27s
CMake C++23 test(GCC)	8m 11s
CMake test (without otlp-exporter and with async export)	4m 32s
Bazel asan config	19m 37s
Bazel without bzlmod	16m 24s
Bazel nortti	16m 3s
Bazel noexcept	15m 55s
Bazel with async export	16m 54s
Bazel	15m 53s
Bazel tsan config	17m 5s
Bazel valgrind	7m 26s
CMake do not install test (with otlp-exporter)	14m 24s
CMake install test (with abseil)	4m 40s
CMake test (build shared libraries with otlp-exporter and static gRPC)	14m 12s
Plugin -> CMake	52s
Bazel on MacOS	10m 21s
Benchmark	12m 48s
Code coverage	11m 35s
Copyright	6s
DocFX check	57s
Format	16s
markdown-lint	7s
misspell	3s
shellcheck	5s
CMake -> exporter proto	11m 58s
Bazel Windows	34m 22s
Plugin -> CMake Windows	5m 57s
CMake (With async export) -> exporter proto	11m 42s
CMake -> exporter proto (Build as DLL)	25m 34s
	7h 41m 57s

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