[Build] Fix building on Visual Studio 17.8

[jaimecbernardo]

Summary of the Pull Request

Tried building PowerToys

PR Checklist

• Closes: [Build]PowerToys doesn't build with Visual Studio 17.8 #29302
• Communication: I've discussed this with core contributors already. If work hasn't been agreed, this work might be rejected
• Tests: Added/updated and all pass
• Localization: All end user facing strings can be localized
• Dev docs: Added/updated
• New binaries: Added on the required places
  • JSON for signing for new binaries
  • WXS for installer for new binaries and localization folder
  • YML for CI pipeline for new test projects
  • YML for signed pipeline
• Documentation updated: If checked, please file a pull request on our docs repo and link it here: #xxx

Detailed Description of the Pull Request / Additional comments

• Added _SILENCE_STDEXT_ARR_ITERS_DEPRECATION_WARNING as a Preprocessor definition. This is needed because MSVC STL deprecated stdext::checked_array_iterator on <iterator>: Modernize and deprecate (un)checked_array_iterator STL#3818 and spdlog uses it on https://github.com/gabime/spdlog/blob/ff205fd29a4a2f6ebcbecffd149153256d89a671/include/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.h#L489-L490
• Some .NET code-behind directly references .dll files, which is triggering the 5271 warning (to which no documentation was found by me), so ended up disabling it.
  
• Fixed C++ style errors around uninitialized variables and C-style casts.

Validation Steps Performed

Build local installer using the Visual Studio 17.8.0 Preview 4.0.
Checking if CI still passes on current versions.

[jaimecbernardo]

@snickler , FYI. Just in case you need some for the .NET 8 PR :)

[yuyoyuppe]

Looks good 🙂

[snickler]

@snickler , FYI. Just in case you need some for the .NET 8 PR :)

Perfect!