fix(common): preserve ErrorInfo on retry errors

[coryan]

Motivated by #9947

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This change is 

[google-cloud-cpp-bot]

Google Cloud Build Logs
For commit: d9dee735269f5b793cc9da36ec40b11d473873ca

• Public Access Build Logs
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• Kokoro Logs (requires auth)

ℹ️ NOTE: Kokoro logs are linked from "Details" below.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Base: 94.21% // Head: 94.21% // Increases project coverage by +0.00% 🎉

Coverage data is based on head (d9dee73) compared to base (7fac832).
Patch coverage: 100.00% of modified lines in pull request are covered.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #9971   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   94.21%   94.21%           
=======================================
  Files        1500     1500           
  Lines      140573   140575    +2     
=======================================
+ Hits       132440   132448    +8     
+ Misses       8133     8127    -6     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
google/cloud/internal/retry_loop_helpers.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
google/cloud/internal/retry_loop_helpers.cc	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
google/cloud/internal/retry_loop_helpers_test.cc	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...le/cloud/storage/internal/curl_download_request.cc	89.63% <0.00%> (+0.33%)	⬆️
...cloud/pubsub/internal/subscription_session_test.cc	98.65% <0.00%> (+0.83%)	⬆️

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