[8.15](backport #5333) Avoid reporting empty version_info for components that just started

[mergify]

What does this PR do?

The state diagnostics hook now re-fetches once the state when necessary, improving the accuracy of component status reporting.

Why is it important?

Given a design choice, the coordinator's reported state might be stale, leading to healthy components lacking version_info immediately after they start.

Checklist

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• [ ] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• [ ] I have made corresponding change to the default configuration files
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• [ ] I have added an entry in ./changelog/fragments using the changelog tool
• [ ] I have added an integration test or an E2E test

Disruptive User Impact

How to test this PR locally

Run the TestDiagnosticState test

Related issues

• Closes [Flaky Test]: TestComponentBuildHashInDiagnostics – build hash is empty #4215

Questions to ask yourself

• How are we going to support this in production?
• How are we going to measure its adoption?
• How are we going to debug this?
• What are the metrics I should take care of?
• ...

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This is an automatic backport of pull request #5333 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[elastic-sonarqube]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Fixed issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
No data about Coverage
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube

[AndersonQ]

closing in favour of #5435