[20822] Refactor Fast DDS Ubuntu CI to include several tests (backport #4860)

[mergify]

Description

This PR introduces a "small" refactor in the Fast DDS Ubuntu CI.
It splits current CI into build and tests, and introduces new jobs that uses the already built library to build other products and run their test suite.
That would allow Fast DDS developers to detect possible issues that can affect other products while introducing changes in the Fast DDS library.

graph BT;
    fastdds_build_test --> fastdds_build
    fastdds_python_build --> fastdds_build
    fastdds_shapes_demo_build --> fastdds_build
    discovery_server_build_test --> fastdds_build
    fastdds_python_build_test --> fastdds_python_build
    fastdds_docs_build_test --> fastdds_python_build

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@Mergifyio backport 2.14.x 2.13.x 2.10.x 2.6.x

Contributor Checklist

• Commit messages follow the project guidelines.

• N/A The code follows the style guidelines of this project.

• N/A Tests that thoroughly check the new feature have been added/Regression tests checking the bug and its fix have been added; the added tests pass locally

• N/A Any new/modified methods have been properly documented using Doxygen.

• N/A Any new configuration API has an equivalent XML API (with the corresponding XSD extension)

• N/A Changes are backport compatible: they do NOT break ABI nor change library core behavior.

• N/A Changes are API compatible.

• N/A New feature has been added to the versions.md file (if applicable).

• N/A New feature has been documented/Current behavior is correctly described in the documentation.

• Applicable backports have been included in the description.

Reviewer Checklist

• The PR has a milestone assigned.
• The title and description correctly express the PR's purpose.
• Check contributor checklist is correct.
• Check CI results: changes do not issue any warning.
• Check CI results: failing tests are unrelated with the changes.

---

This is an automatic backport of pull request #4860 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[mergify]

Cherry-pick of 22338f3 has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/2.14.x/pr-4860
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/2.14.x'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit 22338f3fc.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	renamed:    .github/workflows/config/asan_colcon.meta -> .github/workflows/config/asan.meta
	deleted:    .github/workflows/config/ci.meta
	new file:   .github/workflows/config/discovery_server.meta
	new file:   .github/workflows/config/fastdds_test.meta
	renamed:    .github/workflows/config/ci.repos -> .github/workflows/config/fastdds_test.repos
	new file:   .github/workflows/config/python_test.meta
	renamed:    .github/workflows/config/tsan_colcon.meta -> .github/workflows/config/tsan.meta
	modified:   .github/workflows/sanitizers-ci.yml

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
	both modified:   .github/workflows/config/documentation.meta
	both modified:   .github/workflows/config/fastdds_build.meta
	deleted by them: .github/workflows/documentation-tests.yaml
	deleted by us:   .github/workflows/nightly-ubuntu-ci.yml
	both modified:   .github/workflows/reusable-mac-ci.yml
	both modified:   .github/workflows/reusable-sanitizers-ci.yml
	both modified:   .github/workflows/reusable-ubuntu-ci.yml
	both modified:   .github/workflows/reusable-windows-ci.yml
	both modified:   .github/workflows/ubuntu-ci.yml

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally