[release/8.0-staging] Update .NET 8 build images to use Azure Linux

[sbomer]

Replaces the build images for which we have equivalent Azure Linux images (see dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker#1173).

Fixes #112191

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[carlossanlop]

This is infra, so I marked it as servicing-approved.

@sbomer @akoeplinger friendly reminder that today's Code Complete day for the February 2025 Release. If you want this fix included in that release, please make sure this PR is merged before 4pm PT. Otherwise it will have to wait until next month.

[sbomer]

It seems the nodejs installation inside emsdk is broken, possibly related to dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker#1291:

node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:927
throw err;
^

Error: Cannot find module 'node:path'
Require stack:

• /usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js
• /usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npm-cli.js
  at Function.Module._resolveFilename (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:924:15)
  at Function.Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:769:27)
  at Module.require (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:996:19)
  at require (node:internal/modules/cjs/helpers:92:18)
  at Object. (/usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js:10:18)
  at Module._compile (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1092:14)
  at Object.Module._extensions..js (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1121:10)
  at Module.load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:972:32)
  at Function.Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:813:14)
  at Module.require (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:996:19) {
  code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND',
  requireStack: [
  '/usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js',
  '/usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npm-cli.js'
  ]
  }
  /__w/1/s/src/mono/wasm/wasm.proj(513,5): error MSB3073: The command "bash -c 'source /usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/emsdk_env.sh > /dev/null 2>&1 && npm ci'" exited with code 1.

It seems the npm install uses the node:path import syntax that requires node 16. Maybe https://github.com/dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker/pull/1291/files#diff-a6274c9b8046ff8d5f82488f47958d10c151359bf4e7f5b7eba60f19372c241fR38 need to avoid updating to the latest npm. @akoeplinger do you mind taking a look?

[mthalman]

Where is this Node 15 version coming from? That's been EOL for more than 3 years. We shouldn't be making changes to accommodate for that version. Rather we should be updating Node to a supported version.

[akoeplinger]

@mthalman as I explained in dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker#1291 (comment) the emsdk version that we're shipping is frozen in time for 8.0. Upgrading to a newer node and monkey-patching it into the emsdk installed in the docker image is just a hack to get rid of the packages that are picked up by the scanners. I didn't want to bump too far ahead of the node that emsdk ships with but looks like we need to bump to at least 16.0