Merge branch 'master' into bez/fix-cfg-load

docs/architecture/README.md

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ Read about the [PROCESS](./PROCESS.md).
 - [ADR 027: Deterministic Protobuf Serialization](./adr-027-deterministic-protobuf-serialization.md)
 - [ADR 028: Public Key Addresses](./adr-028-public-key-addresses.md)
 - [ADR 032: Typed Events](./adr-032-typed-events.md)
+- [ADR 033: Inter-module RPC](architecture/adr-033-protobuf-inter-module-comm.md)
 - [ADR 035: Rosetta API Support](./adr-035-rosetta-api-support.md)
 - [ADR 037: Governance Split Votes](./adr-037-gov-split-vote.md)
 - [ADR 038: State Listening](./adr-038-state-listening.md)

docs/architecture/adr-033-protobuf-inter-module-comm.md

@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# ADR 033: Protobuf-based Inter-Module Communication
+
+## Changelog
+
+- 2020-10-05: Initial Draft
+
+## Status
+
+Proposed
+
+## Abstract
+
+This ADR introduces a system for permissioned inter-module communication leveraging the protobuf `Query` and `Msg`
+service definitions defined in [ADR 021](./adr-021-protobuf-query-encoding.md) and
+[ADR 031](./adr-031-msg-service.md) which provides:
+- stable protobuf based module interfaces to potentially later replace the keeper paradigm
+- stronger inter-module object capabilities guarantees
+- module accounts and sub-account authorization
+
+## Context
+
+In the current Cosmos SDK documentation on the [Object-Capability Model](../docs/core/ocap.md), it is state that:
+
+> We assume that a thriving ecosystem of Cosmos-SDK modules that are easy to compose into a blockchain application will contain faulty or malicious modules.
+
+There is currently not a thriving ecosystem of Cosmos SDK modules. We hypothesize that this is in part due to:
+1. lack of a stable v1.0 Cosmos SDK to build modules off of. Module interfaces are changing, sometimes dramatically, from
+point release to point release, often for good reasons, but this does not create a stable foundation to build on.
+2. lack of a properly implemented object capability or even object-oriented encapsulation system which makes refactors
+of module keeper interfaces inevitable because the current interfaces are poorly constrained.
+
+### `x/bank` Case Study
+
+Currently the `x/bank` keeper gives pretty much unrestricted access to any module which references it. For instance, the
+`SetBalance` method allows the caller to set the balance of any account to anything, bypassing even proper tracking of supply.
+
+There appears to have been some later attempts to implement some semblance of Ocaps using module-level minting, staking
+and burning permissions. These permissions allow a module to mint, burn or delegate tokens with reference to the module’s
+own account. These permissions are actually stored as a `[]string` array on the `ModuleAccount` type in state.
+
+However, these permissions don’t really do much. They control what modules can be referenced in the `MintCoins`,
+`BurnCoins` and `DelegateCoins***` methods, but for one there is no unique object capability token that controls access —
+just a simple string. So the `x/upgrade` module could mint tokens for the `x/staking` module simple by calling
+`MintCoins(“staking”)`. Furthermore, all modules which have access to these keeper methods, also have access to
+`SetBalance` negating any other attempt at Ocaps and breaking even basic object-oriented encapsulation.
+
+## Decision
+
+Starting from the work in [ADR 021](./adr-021-protobuf-query-encoding.md) and [ADR 31](./adr-031-msg-service.md), we introduce
+the following inter-module communication system as an new paradigm for secure module based authorization and OCAPS
+framework. When implemented, this could also serve as an alternative the existing paradigm of passing keepers between
+modules. The approach outlined here-in is intended to form the basis of a Cosmos SDK v1.0 that provides the necessary
+stability and encapsulation guarantees that allow a thriving module ecosystem to emerge.
+
+Of particular note — the decision is to _enable_ this functionality for modules to adopt at their own discretion.
+Proposals to migrate existing modules to this new paradigm will have to be a separate conversation, potentially
+addressed as amendments to this ADR.
+
+### New "Keeper" Paradigm
+
+In [ADR 021](./adr-021-protobuf-query-encoding.md), a mechanism for using protobuf service definitions to define queriers
+was introduced and in [ADR 31](./adr-031-msg-service.md), a mechanism for using protobuf service to define `Msg`s was added.
+Protobuf service definitions generate two golang interfaces representing the client and server sides of a service plus
+some helper code. Here is a minimal example for the bank `Send` `Msg`.
+
+```go
+package bank
+
+type MsgClient interface {
+	Send(context.Context, *MsgSend, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MsgSendResponse, error)
+}
+
+type MsgServer interface {
+	Send(context.Context, *MsgSend) (*MsgSendResponse, error)
+}
+```
+
+[ADR 021](./adr-021-protobuf-query-encoding.md) and [ADR 31](./adr-031-msg-service.md) specifies how modules can implement the generated `QueryServer`
+and `MsgServer` interfaces as replacements for the legacy queriers and `Msg` handlers respectively.
+
+In this ADR we explain how modules can make queries and send `Msg`s to other modules using the generated `QueryClient`
+and `MsgClient` interfaces and propose this mechanism as a replacement for the existing `Keeper` paradigm. To be clear,
+this ADR does not necessitate the creation of new protobuf definitions or services. Rather, it leverages the same proto
+based service interfaces already used by clients for inter-module communication.
+
+Using this `QueryClient`/`MsgClient` approach has the following key benefits over keepers:
+1. Protobuf types are checked for breaking changes using [buf](https://buf.build/docs/breaking-overview) and because of
+the way protobuf is designed this will give us strong backwards compatibility guarantees while allowing for forward
+evolution.
+2. The separation between the client and server interfaces will allow us to insert permission checking code in between
+the two which checks if one module is authorized to send the specified `Msg` to the other module providing a proper
+object capability system.
+3. The router for inter-module communication gives us a convenient place to handle rollback of transactions,
+enabling atomicy of operations ([currently a problem](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/issues/8030)). Any failure within a module-to-module call would result in a failure of the entire
+transaction
+
+This mechanism has the added benefits of:
+- reducing boilerplate through code generation, and
+- allowing for modules in other languages either via a VM like CosmWasm or sub-processes using gRPC 
+
+### Inter-module Communication
+
+To use the `Client` generated by the protobuf compiler we need a `grpc.ClientConn` implementation. For this we introduce
+a new type, `ModuleKey`, which implements the `grpc.ClientConn` interface. `ModuleKey` can be thought of as the "private
+key" corresponding to a module account, where authentication is provided through use of a special `Invoker()` function, 
+described in more detail below.
+
+Whereas external clients use their account's private key to sign transactions containing `Msg`s where they are listed as signers,
+modules use their `ModuleKey` to send `Msg`s where they are listed as the sole signer to other modules. For example, modules
+could use their `ModuleKey` to "sign" a `/cosmos.bank.Msg/Send` transaction to send coins from the module's account to another
+account.
+
+Here's an example of a hypothetical module `foo` interacting with `x/bank`:
+```go
+package foo
+
+func (fooMsgServer *MsgServer) Bar(ctx context.Context, req *MsgBarRequest) (*MsgBarResponse, error) {
+  bankQueryClient := bank.NewQueryClient(fooMsgServer.moduleKey)
+  balance, err := bankQueryClient.Balance(&bank.QueryBalanceRequest{Address: fooMsgServer.moduleKey.Address(), Denom: "foo"})
+
+  ...
+
+  bankMsgClient := bank.NewMsgClient(fooMsgServer.moduleKey)
+  res, err := bankMsgClient.Send(ctx, &bank.MsgSendRequest{FromAddress: fooMsgServer.moduleKey.Address(), ...})
+
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+This design is also intended to be extensible to cover use cases of more fine grained permissioning like minting by
+denom prefix being restricted to certain modules (as discussed in
+[#7459](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/7459#discussion_r529545528)).
+
+### `ModuleKey`s and `ModuleID`s
+
+A `ModuleKey` can be thought of as a "private key" for a module account and a `ModuleID` can be thought of as the
+corresponding "public key". From the [ADR 028](./adr-028-public-key-addresses.md), modules can have both a root module account and any number of sub-accounts
+or derived accounts that can be used for different pools (ex. staking pools) or managed accounts (ex. group
+accounts). We can also think of module sub-accounts as similar to derived keys - there is a root key and then some
+derivation path. `ModuleID` is a simple struct which contains the module name and optional "derivation" path,
+and forms its address based on the `AddressHash` method from [the ADR 028 draft](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/7086):
+
+```go
+type ModuleID struct {
+  ModuleName string
+  Path []byte
+}
+
+func (key ModuleID) Address() []byte {
+  return AddressHash(key.ModuleName, key.Path)
+}
+```
+
+In addition to being able to generate a `ModuleID` and address, a `ModuleKey` contains a special function closure called
+the `Invoker` which is the key to safe inter-module access. The `InvokeFn` closure corresponds to the `Invoke` method in
+the `grpc.ClientConn` interface and under the hood is able to route messages to the appropriate `Msg` and `Query` handlers
+performing appropriate security checks on `Msg`s. This allows for even safer inter-module access than keeper's whose
+private member variables could be manipulated through reflection. Golang does not support reflection on a function
+closure's captured variables and direct manipulation of memory would be needed for a truly malicious module to bypass
+the `ModuleKey` security.
+
+The two `ModuleKey` types are `RootModuleKey` and `DerivedModuleKey`:
+
+```go
+func Invoker(callInfo CallInfo) func(ctx context.Context, request, response interface{}, opts ...interface{}) error
+
+type CallInfo {
+  Method string
+  Caller ModuleID
+}
+
+type RootModuleKey struct {
+  moduleName string
+  invoker Invoker
+}
+
+type DerivedModuleKey struct {
+  moduleName string
+  path []byte
+  invoker Invoker
+}
+```
+
+A module can get access to a `DerivedModuleKey`, using the `Derive(path []byte)` method on `RootModuleKey` and then
+would use this key to authenticate `Msg`s from a sub-account. Ex:
+
+```go
+package foo
+
+func (fooMsgServer *MsgServer) Bar(ctx context.Context, req *MsgBar) (*MsgBarResponse, error) {
+  derivedKey := fooMsgServer.moduleKey.Derive(req.SomePath)
+  bankMsgClient := bank.NewMsgClient(derivedKey)
+  res, err := bankMsgClient.Balance(ctx, &bank.MsgSend{FromAddress: derivedKey.Address(), ...})
+  ...
+}
+```
+
+In this way, a module can gain permissioned access to a root account and any number of sub-accounts and send
+authenticated `Msg`s from these accounts. The `Invoker` `callInfo.Caller` parameter is used under the hood to
+distinguish between different module accounts, but either way the function returned by `Invoker` only allows `Msg`s
+from either the root or a derived module account to pass through.
+
+Note that `Invoker` itself returns a function closure based on the `CallInfo` passed in. This will allow client implementations
+in the future that cache the invoke function for each method type avoiding the overhead of hash table lookup.
+This would reduce the performance overhead of this inter-module communication method to the bare minimum required for
+checking permissions.
+
+To re-iterate, the closure only allows access to authorized calls. There is no access to anything else regardless of any
+name impersonation.
+
+Below is a rough sketch of the implementation of `grpc.ClientConn.Invoke` for `RootModuleKey`:
+
+```go
+func (key RootModuleKey) Invoke(ctx context.Context, method string, args, reply interface{}, opts ...grpc.CallOption) error {
+  f := key.invoker(CallInfo {Method: method, Caller: ModuleID {ModuleName: key.moduleName}})
+  return f(ctx, args, reply)
+}
+```
+
+### `AppModule` Wiring and Requirements
+
+In [ADR 031](./adr-031-msg-service.md), the `AppModule.RegisterService(Configurator)` method was introduced. To support
+inter-module communication, we extend the `Configurator` interface to pass in the `ModuleKey` and to allow modules to
+specify their dependencies on other modules using `RequireServer()`:
+
+
+```go
+type Configurator interface {
+   MsgServer() grpc.Server
+   QueryServer() grpc.Server
+
+   ModuleKey() ModuleKey
+   RequireServer(serverInterface interface{})
+}
+```
+
+The `ModuleKey` is passed to modules in the `RegisterService` method itself so that `RegisterServices` serves as a single
+entry point for configuring module services. This is intended to also have the side-effect of greatly reducing boilerplate in
+`app.go`. For now, `ModuleKey`s will be created based on `AppModuleBasic.Name()`, but a more flexible system may be
+introduced in the future. The `ModuleManager` will handle creation of module accounts behind the scenes.
+
+Because modules do not get direct access to each other anymore, modules may have unfulfilled dependencies. To make sure
+that module dependencies are resolved at startup, the `Configurator.RequireServer` method should be added. The `ModuleManager`
+will make sure that all dependencies declared with `RequireServer` can be resolved before the app starts. An example
+module `foo` could declare it's dependency on `x/bank` like this:
+
+```go
+package foo
+
+func (am AppModule) RegisterServices(cfg Configurator) {
+  cfg.RequireServer((*bank.QueryServer)(nil))
+  cfg.RequireServer((*bank.MsgServer)(nil))
+}
+```
+
+### Security Considerations
+
+In addition to checking for `ModuleKey` permissions, a few additional security precautions will need to be taken by
+the underlying router infrastructure.
+
+#### Recursion and Re-entry
+
+Recursive or re-entrant method invocations pose a potential security threat. This can be a problem if Module A
+calls Module B and Module B calls module A again in the same call.
+
+One basic way for the router system to deal with this is to maintain a call stack which prevents a module from
+being referenced more than once in the call stack so that there is no re-entry. A `map[string]interface{}` table
+in the router could be used to perform this security check.
+
+#### Queries
+
+Queries in Cosmos SDK are generally un-permissioned so allowing one module to query another module should not pose
+any major security threats assuming basic precautions are taken. The basic precaution that the router system will
+need to take is making sure that the `sdk.Context` passed to query methods does not allow writing to the store. This
+can be done for now with a `CacheMultiStore` as is currently done for `BaseApp` queries.
+
+### Internal Methods
+
+In many cases, we may wish for modules to call methods on other modules which are not exposed to clients at all. For this
+purpose, we add the `InternalServer` method to `Configurator`:
+
+```go
+type Configurator interface {
+   MsgServer() grpc.Server
+   QueryServer() grpc.Server
+   InternalServer() grpc.Server
+}
+```
+
+As an example, x/slashing's Slash must call x/staking's Slash, but we don't want to expose x/staking's Slash to end users
+and clients.
+
+This wound also require creating a corresponding `internal.proto` file with a protobuf service in the given module's
+proto package.
+
+Services registered against `InternalServer` will be callable from other modules but not by external clients.
+
+An alternative solution to internal-only methods could involve hooks / plugins as discussed [here](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/7459#issuecomment-733807753).
+A more detailed evaluation of a hooks / plugin system will be addressed later in follow-ups to this ADR or as a separate
+ADR.
+
+### Authorization
+
+By default, the inter-module router requires that messages are sent by the first signer returned by `GetSigners`. The
+inter-module router should also accept authorization middleware such as that provided by [ADR 030](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/7105).
+This middleware will allow accounts to otherwise specific module accounts to perform actions on their behalf.
+Authorization middleware should take into account the need to grant certain modules effectively "admin" privileges to
+other modules. This will be addressed in separate ADRs or updates to this ADR.
+
+### Future Work
+
+Other future improvements may include:
+* custom code generation that:
+  * simplifies interfaces (ex. generates code with `sdk.Context` instead of `context.Context`)
+  * optimizes inter-module calls - for instance caching resolved methods after first invocation
+* combining `StoreKey`s and `ModuleKey`s into a single interface so that modules have a single Ocaps handle
+* code generation which makes inter-module communication more performant
+* decoupling `ModuleKey` creation from `AppModuleBasic.Name()` so that app's can override root module account names
+* inter-module hooks and plugins
+
+## Alternatives
+
+### MsgServices vs `x/capability`
+
+The `x/capability` module does provide a proper object-capability implementation that can be used by any module in the
+SDK and could even be used for inter-module Ocaps as described in [\#5931](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/issues/5931).
+
+The advantages of the approach described in this ADR are mostly around how it integrates with other parts of the SDK,
+specifically:
+
+* protobuf so that:
+  * code generation of interfaces can be leveraged for a better dev UX
+  * module interfaces are versioned and checked for breakage using [buf](https://docs.buf.build/breaking-overview)
+* sub-module accounts as per ADR 028
+* the general `Msg` passing paradigm and the way signers are specified by `GetSigners`
+
+Also, this is a complete replacement for keepers and could be applied to _all_ inter-module communication whereas the
+`x/capability` approach in #5931 would need to be applied method by method.
+
+## Consequences
+
+### Backwards Compatibility
+
+This ADR is intended to provide a pathway to a scenario where there is greater long term compatibility between modules.
+In the short-term, this will likely result in breaking certain `Keeper` interfaces which are too permissive and/or
+replacing `Keeper` interfaces altogether.
+
+### Positive
+
+- an alternative to keepers which can more easily lead to stable inter-module interfaces
+- proper inter-module Ocaps
+- improved module developer DevX, as commented on by several particpants on
+    [Architecture Review Call, Dec 3](https://hackmd.io/E0wxxOvRQ5qVmTf6N_k84Q)
+- lays the groundwork for what can be a greatly simplified `app.go`
+- router can be setup to enforce atomic transactions for moule-to-module calls
+
+### Negative
+
+- modules which adopt this will need significant refactoring
+
+### Neutral
+
+## Test Cases [optional]
+
+## References
+
+- [ADR 021](./adr-021-protobuf-query-encoding.md)
+- [ADR 031](./adr-031-msg-service.md)
+- [ADR 028](./adr-028-public-key-addresses.md)
+- [ADR 030 draft](https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/pull/7105)
+- [Object-Capability Model](../docs/core/ocap.md)