Enable unit tests for Python3.12 (astronomer#1018)

## Description

This PR enable CI to run unit tests for Python3.12
CI Job:
https://github.com/astronomer/astronomer-cosmos/actions/runs/9357004387/job/25755741232?pr=1018

## Related Issue(s)
closes: astronomer#964
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-->
<!-- i.e. "closes #0000" -->

## Breaking Change?

<!-- If this introduces a breaking change, specify that here. -->

## Checklist

- [ ] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation (if
required)
- [ ] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my
feature works

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -38,11 +38,25 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
         airflow-version: ["2.4", "2.5", "2.6", "2.7", "2.8", "2.9"]
         exclude:
           - python-version: "3.11"
             airflow-version: "2.4"
+          # Apache Airflow versions prior to 2.9.0 have not been tested with Python 3.12.
+          # Official support for Python 3.12 and the corresponding constraints.txt are available only for Apache Airflow >= 2.9.0.
+          # See: https://github.com/apache/airflow/tree/2.9.0?tab=readme-ov-file#requirements
+          # See: https://github.com/apache/airflow/tree/2.8.4?tab=readme-ov-file#requirements
+          - python-version: "3.12"
+            airflow-version: "2.4"
+          - python-version: "3.12"
+            airflow-version: "2.5"
+          - python-version: "3.12"
+            airflow-version: "2.6"
+          - python-version: "3.12"
+            airflow-version: "2.7"
+          - python-version: "3.12"
+            airflow-version: "2.8"
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:

pyproject.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ classifiers = [
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
 ]
 dependencies = [
     "aenum",
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ dependencies = [
 pre-install-commands = ["sh scripts/test/pre-install-airflow.sh {matrix:airflow} {matrix:python}"]
 
 [[tool.hatch.envs.tests.matrix]]
-python = ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11"]
+python = ["3.8", "3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
 airflow = ["2.4", "2.5", "2.6", "2.7", "2.8", "2.9"]
 
 [tool.hatch.envs.tests.overrides]

tests/operators/test_base.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import sys
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -14,6 +15,10 @@
 )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    (sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor) == (3, 12),
+    reason="The error message for the abstract class instantiation seems to have changed between Python 3.11 and 3.12",
+)
 def test_dbt_base_operator_is_abstract():
     """Tests that the abstract base operator cannot be instantiated since the base_cmd is not defined."""
     expected_error = (
@@ -23,6 +28,20 @@ def test_dbt_base_operator_is_abstract():
         AbstractDbtBaseOperator()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    (sys.version_info.major, sys.version_info.minor) != (3, 12),
+    reason="The error message for the abstract class instantiation seems to have changed between Python 3.11 and 3.12",
+)
+def test_dbt_base_operator_is_abstract_py12():
+    """Tests that the abstract base operator cannot be instantiated since the base_cmd is not defined."""
+    expected_error = (
+        "Can't instantiate abstract class AbstractDbtBaseOperator without an implementation for abstract methods "
+        "'base_cmd', 'build_and_run_cmd'"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=expected_error):
+        AbstractDbtBaseOperator()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("cmd_flags", [["--some-flag"], []])
 @patch("cosmos.operators.base.AbstractDbtBaseOperator.build_and_run_cmd")
 def test_dbt_base_operator_execute(mock_build_and_run_cmd, cmd_flags, monkeypatch):