[SPARK-31476][SQL][FOLLOWUP] Add tests for extract('field', source)

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

SPARK-31476 has supported `extract('field', source)` as side-effect, so this PR intends to add some tests for the function in `SQLQueryTestSuite`.

### Why are the changes needed?

For better test coverage.

### Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

No.

### How was this patch tested?

Added tests.

Closes #28276 from maropu/SPARK-31476-FOLLOWUP.

Authored-by: Takeshi Yamamuro <yamamuro@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>
(cherry picked from commit 820733a)
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <wenchen@databricks.com>

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/inputs/extract.sql

@@ -108,4 +108,18 @@ select date_part(c, c) from t;
 select date_part(null, c) from t;
 
 select date_part(i, i) from t;
-select date_part(null, i) from t;
+select date_part(null, i) from t;
+
+-- In SPARK-31476, we've supported extract('field', source), too
+select extract('year', c) from t;
+select extract('quarter', c) from t;
+select extract('month', c) from t;
+select extract('week', c) from t;
+select extract('day', c) from t;
+select extract('days', c) from t;
+select extract('dayofweek', c) from t;
+select extract('dow', c) from t;
+select extract('doy', c) from t;
+select extract('hour', c) from t;
+select extract('minute', c) from t;
+select extract('second', c) from t;

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/extract.sql.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Automatically generated by SQLQueryTestSuite
--- Number of queries: 84
+-- Number of queries: 96
 
 
 -- !query
@@ -677,3 +677,99 @@ select date_part(null, i) from t
 struct<date_part(NULL, t.`i`):double>
 -- !query output
 NULL
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('year', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('year' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+2011
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('quarter', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('quarter' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+2
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('month', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('month' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+5
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('week', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('week' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+18
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('day', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('day' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+6
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('days', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('days' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+6
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('dayofweek', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('dayofweek' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+6
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('dow', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('dow' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+6
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('doy', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('doy' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+126
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('hour', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('hour' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+7
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('minute', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('minute' FROM t.`c`):int>
+-- !query output
+8
+
+
+-- !query
+select extract('second', c) from t
+-- !query schema
+struct<extract('second' FROM t.`c`):decimal(8,6)>
+-- !query output
+9.123456