[SPARK-16730][SQL] Implement function aliases for type casts

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
Spark 1.x supports using the Hive type name as function names for doing casts, e.g.
```sql
SELECT int(1.0);
SELECT string(2.0);
```

The above query would work in Spark 1.x because Spark 1.x fail back to Hive for unimplemented functions, and break in Spark 2.0 because the fall back was removed.

This patch implements function aliases using an analyzer rule for the following cast functions:
- boolean
- tinyint
- smallint
- int
- bigint
- float
- double
- decimal
- date
- timestamp
- binary
- string

## How was this patch tested?
Added end-to-end tests in SQLCompatibilityFunctionSuite.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14364 from petermaxlee/SPARK-16730-2.

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/FunctionRegistry.scala

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.aggregate._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.xml._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.StringKeyHashMap
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
 
 
 /**
@@ -408,8 +409,21 @@ object FunctionRegistry {
     expression[BitwiseAnd]("&"),
     expression[BitwiseNot]("~"),
     expression[BitwiseOr]("|"),
-    expression[BitwiseXor]("^")
-
+    expression[BitwiseXor]("^"),
+
+    // Cast aliases (SPARK-16730)
+    castAlias("boolean", BooleanType),
+    castAlias("tinyint", ByteType),
+    castAlias("smallint", ShortType),
+    castAlias("int", IntegerType),
+    castAlias("bigint", LongType),
+    castAlias("float", FloatType),
+    castAlias("double", DoubleType),
+    castAlias("decimal", DecimalType.USER_DEFAULT),
+    castAlias("date", DateType),
+    castAlias("timestamp", TimestampType),
+    castAlias("binary", BinaryType),
+    castAlias("string", StringType)
   )
 
   val builtin: SimpleFunctionRegistry = {
@@ -452,14 +466,37 @@ object FunctionRegistry {
       }
     }
 
-    val clazz = tag.runtimeClass
+    (name, (expressionInfo[T](name), builder))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function registry lookup entry for cast aliases (SPARK-16730).
+   * For example, if name is "int", and dataType is IntegerType, this means int(x) would become
+   * an alias for cast(x as IntegerType).
+   * See usage above.
+   */
+  private def castAlias(
+      name: String,
+      dataType: DataType): (String, (ExpressionInfo, FunctionBuilder)) = {
+    val builder = (args: Seq[Expression]) => {
+      if (args.size != 1) {
+        throw new AnalysisException(s"Function $name accepts only one argument")
+      }
+      Cast(args.head, dataType)
+    }
+    (name, (expressionInfo[Cast](name), builder))
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an [[ExpressionInfo]] for the function as defined by expression T using the given name.
+   */
+  private def expressionInfo[T <: Expression : ClassTag](name: String): ExpressionInfo = {
+    val clazz = scala.reflect.classTag[T].runtimeClass
     val df = clazz.getAnnotation(classOf[ExpressionDescription])
     if (df != null) {
-      (name,
-        (new ExpressionInfo(clazz.getCanonicalName, name, df.usage(), df.extended()),
-        builder))
+      new ExpressionInfo(clazz.getCanonicalName, name, df.usage(), df.extended())
     } else {
-      (name, (new ExpressionInfo(clazz.getCanonicalName, name), builder))
+      new ExpressionInfo(clazz.getCanonicalName, name)
     }
   }
 }

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/Cast.scala

@@ -113,6 +113,9 @@ object Cast {
 }
 
 /** Cast the child expression to the target data type. */
+@ExpressionDescription(
+  usage = " - Cast value v to the target data type.",
+  extended = "> SELECT _FUNC_('10' as int);\n 10")
 case class Cast(child: Expression, dataType: DataType) extends UnaryExpression with NullIntolerant {
 
   override def toString: String = s"cast($child as ${dataType.simpleString})"

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/SQLCompatibilityFunctionSuite.scala

@@ -17,10 +17,14 @@
 
 package org.apache.spark.sql
 
+import java.math.BigDecimal
+import java.sql.Timestamp
+
 import org.apache.spark.sql.test.SharedSQLContext
 
 /**
  * A test suite for functions added for compatibility with other databases such as Oracle, MSSQL.
+ *
  * These functions are typically implemented using the trait
  * [[org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.RuntimeReplaceable]].
  */
@@ -69,4 +73,26 @@ class SQLCompatibilityFunctionSuite extends QueryTest with SharedSQLContext {
       sql("SELECT nvl2(null, 1, 2.1d), nvl2('n', 1, 2.1d)"),
       Row(2.1, 1.0))
   }
+
+  test("SPARK-16730 cast alias functions for Hive compatibility") {
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT boolean(1), tinyint(1), smallint(1), int(1), bigint(1)"),
+      Row(true, 1.toByte, 1.toShort, 1, 1L))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT float(1), double(1), decimal(1)"),
+      Row(1.toFloat, 1.0, new BigDecimal(1)))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT date(\"2014-04-04\"), timestamp(date(\"2014-04-04\"))"),
+      Row(new java.util.Date(114, 3, 4), new Timestamp(114, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0)))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT string(1)"),
+      Row("1"))
+
+    // Error handling: only one argument
+    val errorMsg = intercept[AnalysisException](sql("SELECT string(1, 2)")).getMessage
+    assert(errorMsg.contains("Function string accepts only one argument"))
+  }
 }