DBMS

1. What is DBMS? How is it different from an RDBMS?
2. Explain the three levels of data abstraction in DBMS.
   • Describe the Physical, Logical, and View levels.
3. What are the key differences between primary key, unique key, and foreign key?
4. Explain the ACID properties in a transaction. Why are they important?
5. What is normalization? Why is it used?
   • Describe the different normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF).
6. What are indexes, and why are they used in a database?
7. Discuss primary vs. secondary indexes and clustered vs. non-clustered indexes.
8. Define a transaction. How are transactions managed in DBMS?
9. Explain the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP statements.
10. What is data integrity, and how is it ensured in DBMS?
11. What is a trigger, and how does it differ from a stored procedure?
12. Describe the concept of locking in DBMS.
    • Explain types of locks (shared, exclusive) and how they prevent issues like deadlocks.
13. Explain concurrency control and its significance in DBMS.
14. Explain referential integrity with an example.
15. What is NoSQL? How does it differ from SQL databases?

• List different types of NoSQL databases (document, key-value, column, graph).

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using NoSQL over SQL databases?
17. What is MongoDB, and how does it manage data differently from traditional RDBMS?

OS

1. What are the main functions of an operating system?
2. Explain the concept of virtual memory and its benefits.
3. How does a process differ from a thread?
4. What is a system call, and how does it function?
5. What is the difference between a monolithic kernel and a microkernel?
6. How does the operating system manage memory?
7. What is paging in the context of memory management?
8. Can you explain what a context switch is?
9. What is a semaphore, and how is it used in process synchronization?
10. What are deadlocks, and how can they be prevented or resolved?
11. Describe the concept of multithreading and its advantages.
12. What is the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling?
13. Explain the difference between internal and external fragmentation.
14. How do file systems work in an operating system?
15. What is demand paging, and how does it operate?
16. What is a real-time operating system (RTOS), and where is it used?
17. How does an operating system handle interrupts?
18. What is the role of a scheduler in an operating system?
19. Explain the concept of process synchronization.
20. What are the various states of a process in an operating system?
21. How do you manage memory leaks in an operating system?
22. What is a bootstrap program, and what role does it play?
23. Can you explain the concept of file permissions in Unix/Linux?
24. What are the differences between user mode and kernel mode?
25. Describe the differences between logical and physical addresses.

OOPS

Basic OOP Concepts:

1. What are the four main principles of Object-Oriented Programming?

   Ans : The four main pillars of OOPS are:

   1. Encapsulation : The wrapping up of data and functions in a single unit called class.
      • Data Hiding : Use private access modifiers to restrict the access of data from outside the class.
   2. Abstraction : Hiding the unnecessary details and providing only essential information.
      • Data Binding : Binding up of application UI and business logic. Any changes made in business logic will be directly reflected in application UI.
   3. Inheritance : The process in which an object aquires all the properties and behaviors of its parent object automatically.
      • reusability
   4. Polymorphism : The ability of objects to take on different forms or behave in different ways depending on the context in which they are used.
      • function overloading and operator overloading

2. Can you explain the concept of a class and an object?

   Ans : Class is a blueprint or prototype used for creating objects. It defines a set of attributes and methods for the objects. It does not occupy any memory space till an object is instantiated. An object is an instance of class. It is a run time entity.

3. What is inheritance and how does it work in OOP?

4. What is polymorphism and how is it implemented in OOP?

5. What is encapsulation and why is it important?

6. Can you explain the concept of abstraction in OOP?

Advanced OOP Topics:

1. What are the different types of inheritance?
2. What is method overloading and method overriding?
3. Can you explain the concept of an interface and how it differs from a class?
4. What is a constructor and what is its purpose?
5. What is the difference between a constructor and a destructor?
6. What are access specifiers and what are their types?
7. What is a static method and how does it differ from an instance method?
8. Can you explain the concept of multiple inheritance and how it is implemented?

Design Patterns and Principles:

1. What are design patterns in OOP? Can you name a few commonly used design patterns?
2. Can you explain the Singleton pattern and provide an example?
3. What is the Factory pattern and how is it used?
4. What is the Observer pattern and where would you use it?
5. Can you explain the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern?
6. What are SOLID principles in OOP and why are they important?
7. Can you explain the Dependency Injection principle?

Practical Questions:

1. Write a code example to demonstrate inheritance in OOP.
2. How would you implement polymorphism in a given scenario?
3. Design a class hierarchy for a vehicle management system.
4. Explain how you would handle exceptions in an OOP language like Java or C++.
5. Can you show how to use encapsulation to protect class data?

Miscellaneous:

1. What is the difference between composition and inheritance?
2. Can you explain the difference between an abstract class and an interface?
3. What is the purpose of the this keyword in OOP?
4. How does OOP improve software development?
5. What are some common pitfalls in OOP design?

CN

Basic Concepts:

1. What is a computer network and why is it important?
2. What are the different types of computer networks?
3. Explain the OSI model and its layers.
4. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
5. What is an IP address, and how is it structured?

Network Devices and Protocols:

1. What is a router and how does it work?
2. What is the difference between a hub, switch, and router?
3. Explain the purpose of DHCP and how it works.
4. What is DNS and how does it resolve domain names?
5. Can you describe what ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) does?

Advanced Topics:

1. What is subnetting and why is it important?
2. Explain the concept of VLANs (Virtual LANs).
3. What are VPNs (Virtual Private Networks), and how do they work?
4. What is network topology, and what are the different types?
5. Can you explain the purpose and working of NAT (Network Address Translation)?

Security:

1. What are the different types of network security threats?
2. How do firewalls work, and what types are there?
3. What is the purpose of IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems) and IPS (Intrusion Prevention Systems)?
4. Explain the concept of encryption and its importance in networking.
5. What are some common network security protocols?

Troubleshooting and Performance:

1. How do you troubleshoot a network connectivity issue?
2. What tools do you use for network monitoring and diagnostics?
3. Can you explain the concept of bandwidth and latency?
4. What is a packet sniffer, and how is it used?
5. How would you improve network performance?

Practical Questions:

1. Describe the process of setting up a home or office network.
2. How would you secure a wireless network?
3. Explain how load balancing works in a network.
4. Can you demonstrate how to configure a router or switch?
5. What is the importance of Quality of Service (QoS) in a network?

HR Round

General Questions:

1. Tell me about yourself.
2. Why do you want to work for our company?
3. What are your strengths and weaknesses?
4. Why did you leave your last job?
5. Where do you see yourself in five years?
6. Why should we hire you?
7. Can you describe a challenging situation you faced at work and how you handled it?
8. What are your salary expectations?

Behavioral Questions:

1. Describe a time when you had to work as part of a team. How did you contribute?
2. Tell me about a time when you faced a conflict at work. How did you resolve it?
3. Can you give an example of a goal you set and how you achieved it?
4. Describe a situation where you had to take initiative.
5. How do you handle stress and pressure?

Situational Questions:

1. What would you do if you were given a task that you didn’t know how to complete?
2. How would you handle a situation where you disagreed with your supervisor?
3. If you were faced with a tight deadline, how would you ensure you met it?
4. How would you approach a situation where you had to work with a difficult colleague?

Questions about Skills and Experience:

1. What skills do you bring to this role?
2. Can you describe your experience with [specific skill or technology]?
3. What projects have you worked on that are relevant to this position?
4. How do you stay updated with the latest industry trends and developments?

Company-Specific Questions:

1. What do you know about our company and our products/services?
2. Why do you think you are a good fit for our company culture?
3. How do you think you can contribute to our company's goals and objectives?

Questions You Might Want to Ask:

1. Can you tell me more about the team I’ll be working with?
2. What does a typical day look like in this role?
3. What are the company's growth plans and how does this role contribute to them?
4. What opportunities are there for professional development?
5. What are the next steps in the interview process?