Enable ruff ICN001 rule

ciphers/hill_cipher.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
 import string
 
-import numpy
+import numpy as np
 
 from maths.greatest_common_divisor import greatest_common_divisor
 
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ class HillCipher:
     # i.e. a total of 36 characters
 
     # take x and return x % len(key_string)
-    modulus = numpy.vectorize(lambda x: x % 36)
+    modulus = np.vectorize(lambda x: x % 36)
 
-    to_int = numpy.vectorize(round)
+    to_int = np.vectorize(round)
 
-    def __init__(self, encrypt_key: numpy.ndarray) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, encrypt_key: np.ndarray) -> None:
         """
         encrypt_key is an NxN numpy array
         """
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def __init__(self, encrypt_key: numpy.ndarray) -> None:
 
     def replace_letters(self, letter: str) -> int:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.replace_letters('T')
         19
         >>> hill_cipher.replace_letters('0')
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def replace_letters(self, letter: str) -> int:
 
     def replace_digits(self, num: int) -> str:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.replace_digits(19)
         'T'
         >>> hill_cipher.replace_digits(26)
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ def replace_digits(self, num: int) -> str:
 
     def check_determinant(self) -> None:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.check_determinant()
         """
-        det = round(numpy.linalg.det(self.encrypt_key))
+        det = round(np.linalg.det(self.encrypt_key))
 
         if det < 0:
             det = det % len(self.key_string)
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def check_determinant(self) -> None:
 
     def process_text(self, text: str) -> str:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.process_text('Testing Hill Cipher')
         'TESTINGHILLCIPHERR'
         >>> hill_cipher.process_text('hello')
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def process_text(self, text: str) -> str:
 
     def encrypt(self, text: str) -> str:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.encrypt('testing hill cipher')
         'WHXYJOLM9C6XT085LL'
         >>> hill_cipher.encrypt('hello')
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def encrypt(self, text: str) -> str:
         for i in range(0, len(text) - self.break_key + 1, self.break_key):
             batch = text[i : i + self.break_key]
             vec = [self.replace_letters(char) for char in batch]
-            batch_vec = numpy.array([vec]).T
+            batch_vec = np.array([vec]).T
             batch_encrypted = self.modulus(self.encrypt_key.dot(batch_vec)).T.tolist()[
                 0
             ]
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@ def encrypt(self, text: str) -> str:
 
         return encrypted
 
-    def make_decrypt_key(self) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    def make_decrypt_key(self) -> np.ndarray:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.make_decrypt_key()
         array([[ 6, 25],
                [ 5, 26]])
         """
-        det = round(numpy.linalg.det(self.encrypt_key))
+        det = round(np.linalg.det(self.encrypt_key))
 
         if det < 0:
             det = det % len(self.key_string)
@@ -159,15 +159,15 @@ def make_decrypt_key(self) -> numpy.ndarray:
 
         inv_key = (
             det_inv
-            * numpy.linalg.det(self.encrypt_key)
-            * numpy.linalg.inv(self.encrypt_key)
+            * np.linalg.det(self.encrypt_key)
+            * np.linalg.inv(self.encrypt_key)
         )
 
         return self.to_int(self.modulus(inv_key))
 
     def decrypt(self, text: str) -> str:
         """
-        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(numpy.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
+        >>> hill_cipher = HillCipher(np.array([[2, 5], [1, 6]]))
         >>> hill_cipher.decrypt('WHXYJOLM9C6XT085LL')
         'TESTINGHILLCIPHERR'
         >>> hill_cipher.decrypt('85FF00')
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ def decrypt(self, text: str) -> str:
         for i in range(0, len(text) - self.break_key + 1, self.break_key):
             batch = text[i : i + self.break_key]
             vec = [self.replace_letters(char) for char in batch]
-            batch_vec = numpy.array([vec]).T
+            batch_vec = np.array([vec]).T
             batch_decrypted = self.modulus(decrypt_key.dot(batch_vec)).T.tolist()[0]
             decrypted_batch = "".join(
                 self.replace_digits(num) for num in batch_decrypted
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         row = [int(x) for x in input().split()]
         hill_matrix.append(row)
 
-    hc = HillCipher(numpy.array(hill_matrix))
+    hc = HillCipher(np.array(hill_matrix))
 
     print("Would you like to encrypt or decrypt some text? (1 or 2)")
     option = input("\n1. Encrypt\n2. Decrypt\n")

fractals/julia_sets.py

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from typing import Any
 
-import numpy
-from matplotlib import pyplot
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 c_cauliflower = 0.25 + 0.0j
 c_polynomial_1 = -0.4 + 0.6j
@@ -37,22 +37,22 @@
 nb_pixels = 666
 
 
-def eval_exponential(c_parameter: complex, z_values: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
+def eval_exponential(c_parameter: complex, z_values: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     Evaluate $e^z + c$.
     >>> eval_exponential(0, 0)
     1.0
-    >>> abs(eval_exponential(1, numpy.pi*1.j)) < 1e-15
+    >>> abs(eval_exponential(1, np.pi*1.j)) < 1e-15
     True
     >>> abs(eval_exponential(1.j, 0)-1-1.j) < 1e-15
     True
     """
-    return numpy.exp(z_values) + c_parameter
+    return np.exp(z_values) + c_parameter
 
 
 def eval_quadratic_polynomial(
-    c_parameter: complex, z_values: numpy.ndarray
-) -> numpy.ndarray:
+    c_parameter: complex, z_values: np.ndarray
+) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     >>> eval_quadratic_polynomial(0, 2)
     4
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def eval_quadratic_polynomial(
     return z_values * z_values + c_parameter
 
 
-def prepare_grid(window_size: float, nb_pixels: int) -> numpy.ndarray:
+def prepare_grid(window_size: float, nb_pixels: int) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     Create a grid of complex values of size nb_pixels*nb_pixels with real and
      imaginary parts ranging from -window_size to window_size (inclusive).
@@ -77,74 +77,74 @@ def prepare_grid(window_size: float, nb_pixels: int) -> numpy.ndarray:
            [ 0.-1.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+1.j],
            [ 1.-1.j,  1.+0.j,  1.+1.j]])
     """
-    x = numpy.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
+    x = np.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
     x = x.reshape((nb_pixels, 1))
-    y = numpy.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
+    y = np.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
     y = y.reshape((1, nb_pixels))
     return x + 1.0j * y
 
 
 def iterate_function(
-    eval_function: Callable[[Any, numpy.ndarray], numpy.ndarray],
+    eval_function: Callable[[Any, np.ndarray], np.ndarray],
     function_params: Any,
     nb_iterations: int,
-    z_0: numpy.ndarray,
+    z_0: np.ndarray,
     infinity: float | None = None,
-) -> numpy.ndarray:
+) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     Iterate the function "eval_function" exactly nb_iterations times.
     The first argument of the function is a parameter which is contained in
     function_params. The variable z_0 is an array that contains the initial
     values to iterate from.
     This function returns the final iterates.
 
-    >>> iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial, 0, 3, numpy.array([0,1,2])).shape
+    >>> iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial, 0, 3, np.array([0,1,2])).shape
     (3,)
-    >>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
+    >>> np.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
     ... 0,
     ... 3,
-    ... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[0])
+    ... np.array([0,1,2]))[0])
     0j
-    >>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
+    >>> np.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
     ... 0,
     ... 3,
-    ... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[1])
+    ... np.array([0,1,2]))[1])
     (1+0j)
-    >>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
+    >>> np.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
     ... 0,
     ... 3,
-    ... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[2])
+    ... np.array([0,1,2]))[2])
     (256+0j)
     """
 
     z_n = z_0.astype("complex64")
     for _ in range(nb_iterations):
         z_n = eval_function(function_params, z_n)
         if infinity is not None:
-            numpy.nan_to_num(z_n, copy=False, nan=infinity)
-            z_n[abs(z_n) == numpy.inf] = infinity
+            np.nan_to_num(z_n, copy=False, nan=infinity)
+            z_n[abs(z_n) == np.inf] = infinity
     return z_n
 
 
 def show_results(
     function_label: str,
     function_params: Any,
     escape_radius: float,
-    z_final: numpy.ndarray,
+    z_final: np.ndarray,
 ) -> None:
     """
     Plots of whether the absolute value of z_final is greater than
     the value of escape_radius. Adds the function_label and function_params to
     the title.
 
-    >>> show_results('80', 0, 1, numpy.array([[0,1,.5],[.4,2,1.1],[.2,1,1.3]]))
+    >>> show_results('80', 0, 1, np.array([[0,1,.5],[.4,2,1.1],[.2,1,1.3]]))
     """
 
     abs_z_final = (abs(z_final)).transpose()
     abs_z_final[:, :] = abs_z_final[::-1, :]
-    pyplot.matshow(abs_z_final < escape_radius)
-    pyplot.title(f"Julia set of ${function_label}$, $c={function_params}$")
-    pyplot.show()
+    plt.matshow(abs_z_final < escape_radius)
+    plt.title(f"Julia set of ${function_label}$, $c={function_params}$")
+    plt.show()
 
 
 def ignore_overflow_warnings() -> None:

fractals/koch_snowflake.py

@@ -22,25 +22,25 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  # type: ignore
-import numpy
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
 
 # initial triangle of Koch snowflake
-VECTOR_1 = numpy.array([0, 0])
-VECTOR_2 = numpy.array([0.5, 0.8660254])
-VECTOR_3 = numpy.array([1, 0])
+VECTOR_1 = np.array([0, 0])
+VECTOR_2 = np.array([0.5, 0.8660254])
+VECTOR_3 = np.array([1, 0])
 INITIAL_VECTORS = [VECTOR_1, VECTOR_2, VECTOR_3, VECTOR_1]
 
 # uncomment for simple Koch curve instead of Koch snowflake
 # INITIAL_VECTORS = [VECTOR_1, VECTOR_3]
 
 
-def iterate(initial_vectors: list[numpy.ndarray], steps: int) -> list[numpy.ndarray]:
+def iterate(initial_vectors: list[np.ndarray], steps: int) -> list[np.ndarray]:
     """
     Go through the number of iterations determined by the argument "steps".
     Be careful with high values (above 5) since the time to calculate increases
     exponentially.
-    >>> iterate([numpy.array([0, 0]), numpy.array([1, 0])], 1)
+    >>> iterate([np.array([0, 0]), np.array([1, 0])], 1)
     [array([0, 0]), array([0.33333333, 0.        ]), array([0.5       , \
 0.28867513]), array([0.66666667, 0.        ]), array([1, 0])]
     """
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ def iterate(initial_vectors: list[numpy.ndarray], steps: int) -> list[numpy.ndar
     return vectors
 
 
-def iteration_step(vectors: list[numpy.ndarray]) -> list[numpy.ndarray]:
+def iteration_step(vectors: list[np.ndarray]) -> list[np.ndarray]:
     """
     Loops through each pair of adjacent vectors. Each line between two adjacent
     vectors is divided into 4 segments by adding 3 additional vectors in-between
     the original two vectors. The vector in the middle is constructed through a
     60 degree rotation so it is bent outwards.
-    >>> iteration_step([numpy.array([0, 0]), numpy.array([1, 0])])
+    >>> iteration_step([np.array([0, 0]), np.array([1, 0])])
     [array([0, 0]), array([0.33333333, 0.        ]), array([0.5       , \
 0.28867513]), array([0.66666667, 0.        ]), array([1, 0])]
     """
@@ -74,22 +74,22 @@ def iteration_step(vectors: list[numpy.ndarray]) -> list[numpy.ndarray]:
     return new_vectors
 
 
-def rotate(vector: numpy.ndarray, angle_in_degrees: float) -> numpy.ndarray:
+def rotate(vector: np.ndarray, angle_in_degrees: float) -> np.ndarray:
     """
     Standard rotation of a 2D vector with a rotation matrix
     (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix )
-    >>> rotate(numpy.array([1, 0]), 60)
+    >>> rotate(np.array([1, 0]), 60)
     array([0.5      , 0.8660254])
-    >>> rotate(numpy.array([1, 0]), 90)
+    >>> rotate(np.array([1, 0]), 90)
     array([6.123234e-17, 1.000000e+00])
     """
-    theta = numpy.radians(angle_in_degrees)
-    c, s = numpy.cos(theta), numpy.sin(theta)
-    rotation_matrix = numpy.array(((c, -s), (s, c)))
-    return numpy.dot(rotation_matrix, vector)
+    theta = np.radians(angle_in_degrees)
+    c, s = np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta)
+    rotation_matrix = np.array(((c, -s), (s, c)))
+    return np.dot(rotation_matrix, vector)
 
 
-def plot(vectors: list[numpy.ndarray]) -> None:
+def plot(vectors: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
     """
     Utility function to plot the vectors using matplotlib.pyplot
     No doctest was implemented since this function does not have a return value

graphics/bezier_curve.py

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def plot_curve(self, step_size: float = 0.01):
             step_size: defines the step(s) at which to evaluate the Bezier curve.
             The smaller the step size, the finer the curve produced.
         """
-        from matplotlib import pyplot as plt  # type: ignore
+        from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
 
         to_plot_x: list[float] = []  # x coordinates of points to plot
         to_plot_y: list[float] = []  # y coordinates of points to plot

machine_learning/gradient_descent.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 function.
 """
 
-import numpy
+import numpy as np
 
 # List of input, output pairs
 train_data = (
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def run_gradient_descent():
             temp_parameter_vector[i] = (
                 parameter_vector[i] - LEARNING_RATE * cost_derivative
             )
-        if numpy.allclose(
+        if np.allclose(
             parameter_vector,
             temp_parameter_vector,
             atol=absolute_error_limit,