Extend PartialStruct to represent non-contiguously defined fields (#…

…57304)

So far, `PartialStruct` has been unable to represent non-contiguously
defined fields, where e.g. a struct would have fields 1 and 3 defined
but not field 2. This PR extends it so that such information may be
represented with `PartialStruct`, extending the applicability of
optimizations e.g. introduced in #55297 by @aviatesk or #57222.

The semantics of `new` prevent the creation of a struct with
non-contiguously defined fields, therefore this change is mostly
relevant to model mutable structs whose fields may be previously set or
assumed to be defined after creation, or immutable structs whose
creation is opaque.

Notably, with this change we may now infer information about structs in
the following case:
```julia
mutable struct A; x; y; z; A() = new(); end

function f()
    mut = A()
   
    # some opaque call preventing optimizations
    # who knows, maybe `identity` will set fields from `mut` in a future world age!
    invokelatest(identity, mut)
   
    isdefined(mut, :z) && isdefined(mut, :x) || return
   
    isdefined(mut, :x) & isdefined(mut, :z) # this now infers as `true`
    isdefined(mut, :y) # this does not
end
```

whereas previously, only information gained successively with
`isdefined(mut, :x) && isdefined(mut, :y) && isdefined(mut, :z)` could
allow inference to model `mut` having its `z` field defined.

---------

Co-authored-by: Cédric Belmant <cedric.belmant@juliahub.com>
Co-authored-by: Shuhei Kadowaki <aviatesk@gmail.com>

Compiler/src/Compiler.jl

@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ using Base: @_foldable_meta, @_gc_preserve_begin, @_gc_preserve_end, @nospeciali
     partition_restriction, quoted, rename_unionall, rewrap_unionall, specialize_method,
     structdiff, tls_world_age, unconstrain_vararg_length, unionlen, uniontype_layout,
     uniontypes, unsafe_convert, unwrap_unionall, unwrapva, vect, widen_diagonal,
-    _uncompressed_ir, maybe_add_binding_backedge!
+    _uncompressed_ir, maybe_add_binding_backedge!, datatype_min_ninitialized,
+    partialstruct_undef_length, partialstruct_init_undef
 using Base.Order
 
 import Base: ==, _topmod, append!, convert, copy, copy!, findall, first, get, get!,

Compiler/src/abstractinterpretation.jl

@@ -2148,23 +2148,13 @@ function form_partially_defined_struct(@nospecialize(obj), @nospecialize(name))
     isabstracttype(objt) && return nothing
     fldidx = try_compute_fieldidx(objt, name.val)
     fldidx === nothing && return nothing
+    isa(obj, PartialStruct) && return define_field(obj, fldidx)
     nminfld = datatype_min_ninitialized(objt)
-    if ismutabletype(objt)
-        # A mutable struct can have non-contiguous undefined fields, but `PartialStruct` cannot
-        # model such a state. So here `PartialStruct` can be used to represent only the
-        # objects where the field following the minimum initialized fields is also defined.
-        if fldidx ≠ nminfld+1
-            # if it is already represented as a `PartialStruct`, we can add one more
-            # `isdefined`-field information on top of those implied by its `fields`
-            if !(obj isa PartialStruct && fldidx == length(obj.fields)+1)
-                return nothing
-            end
-        end
-    else
-        fldidx > nminfld || return nothing
-    end
-    return PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, objt0, Any[obj isa PartialStruct && i≤length(obj.fields) ?
-        obj.fields[i] : fieldtype(objt0,i) for i = 1:fldidx])
+    fldidx > nminfld || return nothing
+    undef = partialstruct_init_undef(objt, fldidx; all_defined = false)
+    undef[fldidx] = false
+    fields = Any[fieldtype(objt0, i) for i = 1:fldidx]
+    return PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, objt0, undef, fields)
 end
 
 function abstract_call_unionall(interp::AbstractInterpreter, argtypes::Vector{Any}, call::CallMeta)
@@ -3725,8 +3715,7 @@ end
 @nospecializeinfer function widenreturn_partials(𝕃ᵢ::PartialsLattice, @nospecialize(rt), info::BestguessInfo)
     if isa(rt, PartialStruct)
         fields = copy(rt.fields)
-        anyrefine = !isvarargtype(rt.fields[end]) &&
-            length(rt.fields) > datatype_min_ninitialized(rt.typ)
+        anyrefine = refines_definedness_information(rt)
         𝕃 = typeinf_lattice(info.interp)
         ⊏ = strictpartialorder(𝕃)
         for i in 1:length(fields)
@@ -3738,7 +3727,7 @@ end
             end
             fields[i] = a
         end
-        anyrefine && return PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt.typ, fields)
+        anyrefine && return PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt.typ, rt.undef, fields)
     end
     if isa(rt, PartialOpaque)
         return rt # XXX: this case was missed in #39512

Compiler/src/tfuncs.jl

@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ end
                 end
             elseif isa(arg1, PartialStruct)
                 if !isvarargtype(arg1.fields[end])
-                    if 1 ≤ idx ≤ length(arg1.fields)
+                    if !is_field_maybe_undef(arg1, idx)
                         return Const(true)
                     end
                 end
@@ -1141,8 +1141,8 @@ end
         sty = unwrap_unionall(s)::DataType
         if isa(name, Const)
             nv = _getfield_fieldindex(sty, name)
-            if isa(nv, Int) && 1 <= nv <= length(s00.fields)
-                return unwrapva(s00.fields[nv])
+            if isa(nv, Int) && !is_field_maybe_undef(s00, nv)
+                return unwrapva(partialstruct_getfield(s00, nv))
             end
         end
         s00 = s

Compiler/src/typeinfer.jl

@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ function finishinfer!(me::InferenceState, interp::AbstractInterpreter)
             rettype_const = result_type.parameters[1]
             const_flags = 0x2
         elseif isa(result_type, PartialStruct)
-            rettype_const = result_type.fields
+            rettype_const = (result_type.undef, result_type.fields)
             const_flags = 0x2
         elseif isa(result_type, InterConditional)
             rettype_const = result_type
@@ -959,8 +959,9 @@ function cached_return_type(code::CodeInstance)
     rettype_const = code.rettype_const
     # the second subtyping/egal conditions are necessary to distinguish usual cases
     # from rare cases when `Const` wrapped those extended lattice type objects
-    if isa(rettype_const, Vector{Any}) && !(Vector{Any} <: rettype)
-        return PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, rettype, rettype_const)
+    if isa(rettype_const, Tuple{BitVector, Vector{Any}}) && !(Tuple{BitVector, Vector{Any}} <: rettype)
+        undef, fields = rettype_const
+        return PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, rettype, undef, fields)
     elseif isa(rettype_const, PartialOpaque) && rettype <: Core.OpaqueClosure
         return rettype_const
     elseif isa(rettype_const, InterConditional) && rettype !== InterConditional

Compiler/src/typelattice.jl

@@ -318,15 +318,15 @@ end
         fields = vartyp.fields
         thenfields = thentype === Bottom ? nothing : copy(fields)
         elsefields = elsetype === Bottom ? nothing : copy(fields)
-        for i in 1:length(fields)
-            if i == fldidx
-                thenfields === nothing || (thenfields[i] = thentype)
-                elsefields === nothing || (elsefields[i] = elsetype)
-            end
+        undef = copy(vartyp.undef)
+        if 1 ≤ fldidx ≤ length(fields)
+            thenfields === nothing || (thenfields[fldidx] = thentype)
+            elsefields === nothing || (elsefields[fldidx] = elsetype)
+            undef[fldidx] = false
         end
         return Conditional(slot,
-            thenfields === nothing ? Bottom : PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, vartyp.typ, thenfields),
-            elsefields === nothing ? Bottom : PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, vartyp.typ, elsefields))
+            thenfields === nothing ? Bottom : PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, vartyp.typ, undef, thenfields),
+            elsefields === nothing ? Bottom : PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, vartyp.typ, undef, elsefields))
     else
         vartyp_widened = widenconst(vartyp)
         thenfields = thentype === Bottom ? nothing : Any[]
@@ -431,10 +431,14 @@ end
                     return false
                 end
             end
-            for i in 1:length(b.fields)
-                af = a.fields[i]
-                bf = b.fields[i]
-                if i == length(b.fields)
+            na = length(a.fields)
+            nb = length(b.fields)
+            nmax = max(na, nb)
+            for i in 1:nmax
+                is_field_maybe_undef(a, i) ≤ is_field_maybe_undef(b, i) || return false
+                af = partialstruct_getfield(a, i)
+                bf = partialstruct_getfield(b, i)
+                if i == na || i == nb
                     if isvarargtype(af)
                         # If `af` is vararg, so must bf by the <: above
                         @assert isvarargtype(bf)
@@ -464,12 +468,15 @@ end
                 nfields(a.val) == length(b.fields) || return false
             else
                 widea <: wideb || return false
-                # for structs we need to check that `a` has more information than `b` that may be partially initialized
-                n_initialized(a) ≥ length(b.fields) || return false
+                # for structs we need to check that `a` does not have less information than `b` that may be partially initialized
+                n_initialized(a) ≥ n_initialized(b) || return false
             end
             nf = nfields(a.val)
             for i in 1:nf
-                isdefined(a.val, i) || continue # since ∀ T Union{} ⊑ T
+                if !isdefined(a.val, i)
+                    is_field_maybe_undef(b, i) || return false # conflicting defined-ness information
+                    continue # since ∀ T Union{} ⊑ T
+                end
                 i > length(b.fields) && break # `a` has more information than `b` that is partially initialized struct
                 bfᵢ = b.fields[i]
                 if i == nf
@@ -541,6 +548,7 @@ end
     if isa(a, PartialStruct)
         isa(b, PartialStruct) || return false
         length(a.fields) == length(b.fields) || return false
+        a.undef == b.undef || return false
         widenconst(a) == widenconst(b) || return false
         a.fields === b.fields && return true # fast path
         for i in 1:length(a.fields)
@@ -747,9 +755,15 @@ end
 # The ::AbstractLattice argument is unused and simply serves to disambiguate
 # different instances of the compiler that may share the `Core.PartialStruct`
 # type.
-function Core.PartialStruct(::AbstractLattice, @nospecialize(typ), fields::Vector{Any})
+
+function Core.PartialStruct(𝕃::AbstractLattice, @nospecialize(typ), fields::Vector{Any}; all_defined::Bool = true)
+    undef = partialstruct_init_undef(typ, fields; all_defined)
+    return PartialStruct(𝕃, typ, undef, fields)
+end
+
+function Core.PartialStruct(::AbstractLattice, @nospecialize(typ), undef::BitVector, fields::Vector{Any})
     for i = 1:length(fields)
         assert_nested_slotwrapper(fields[i])
     end
-    return Core._PartialStruct(typ, fields)
+    return PartialStruct(typ, undef, fields)
 end

Compiler/src/typelimits.jl

@@ -326,17 +326,74 @@ function n_initialized(t::Const)
     return something(findfirst(i::Int->!isdefined(t.val,i), 1:nf), nf+1)-1
 end
 
+is_field_maybe_undef(t::Const, i) = !isdefined(t.val, i)
+
+function n_initialized(pstruct::PartialStruct)
+    i = findfirst(pstruct.undef)
+    nmin = datatype_min_ninitialized(pstruct.typ)
+    i === nothing && return max(length(pstruct.undef), nmin)
+    n = i::Int - 1
+    @assert n ≥ nmin
+    n
+end
+
+function is_field_maybe_undef(pstruct::PartialStruct, fi)
+    fi ≥ 1 || return true
+    fi ≤ length(pstruct.undef) && return pstruct.undef[fi]
+    fi > datatype_min_ninitialized(pstruct.typ)
+end
+
+function partialstruct_getfield(pstruct::PartialStruct, fi::Integer)
+    @assert fi > 0
+    fi ≤ length(pstruct.fields) && return pstruct.fields[fi]
+    fieldtype(pstruct.typ, fi)
+end
+
+function refines_definedness_information(pstruct::PartialStruct)
+    nflds = length(pstruct.undef)
+    something(findfirst(pstruct.undef), nflds + 1) - 1 > datatype_min_ninitialized(pstruct.typ)
+end
+
+function define_field(pstruct::PartialStruct, fi::Int)
+    if !is_field_maybe_undef(pstruct, fi)
+        # no new information to be gained
+        return nothing
+    end
+
+    new = expand_partialstruct(pstruct, fi)
+    if new === nothing
+        new = PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, pstruct.typ, copy(pstruct.undef), copy(pstruct.fields))
+    end
+    new.undef[fi] = false
+    return new
+end
+
+function expand_partialstruct(pstruct::PartialStruct, until::Int)
+    n = length(pstruct.undef)
+    until ≤ n && return nothing
+
+    undef = partialstruct_init_undef(pstruct.typ, until; all_defined = false)
+    for i in 1:n
+        undef[i] &= pstruct.undef[i]
+    end
+    nf = length(pstruct.fields)
+    typ = pstruct.typ
+    fields = Any[i ≤ nf ? pstruct.fields[i] : fieldtype(typ, i) for i in 1:until]
+    return PartialStruct(fallback_lattice, typ, undef, fields)
+end
+
 # A simplified type_more_complex query over the extended lattice
 # (assumes typeb ⊑ typea)
 @nospecializeinfer function issimplertype(𝕃::AbstractLattice, @nospecialize(typea), @nospecialize(typeb))
     @assert !isa(typea, LimitedAccuracy) && !isa(typeb, LimitedAccuracy) "LimitedAccuracy not supported by simplertype lattice" # n.b. the caller was supposed to handle these
     typea === typeb && return true
     if typea isa PartialStruct
         aty = widenconst(typea)
-        if typeb isa Const
-            @assert length(typea.fields) ≤ n_initialized(typeb) "typeb ⊑ typea is assumed"
+        if typeb isa Const || typeb isa PartialStruct
+            @assert n_initialized(typea) ≤ n_initialized(typeb) "typeb ⊑ typea is assumed"
         elseif typeb isa PartialStruct
-            @assert length(typea.fields) ≤ length(typeb.fields) "typeb ⊑ typea is assumed"
+            @assert n_initialized(typea) ≤ n_initialized(typeb) &&
+                all(b < a for (a, b) in zip(typea.undef, typeb.undef)) "typeb ⊑ typea is assumed"
         else
             return false
         end
@@ -591,17 +648,24 @@ end
         if typea isa PartialStruct
             if typeb isa PartialStruct
                 nflds = min(length(typea.fields), length(typeb.fields))
+                nundef = nflds - (isvarargtype(typea.fields[end]) && isvarargtype(typeb.fields[end]))
             else
                 nflds = min(length(typea.fields), n_initialized(typeb::Const))
+                nundef = nflds
             end
         elseif typeb isa PartialStruct
             nflds = min(n_initialized(typea::Const), length(typeb.fields))
+            nundef = nflds
         else
             nflds = min(n_initialized(typea::Const), n_initialized(typeb::Const))
+            nundef = nflds
         end
         nflds == 0 && return nothing
+        _undef = partialstruct_init_undef(aty, nundef; all_defined = false)
         fields = Vector{Any}(undef, nflds)
-        anyrefine = nflds > datatype_min_ninitialized(aty)
+        fldmin = datatype_min_ninitialized(aty)
+        n_initialized_merged = min(n_initialized(typea::Union{Const, PartialStruct}), n_initialized(typeb::Union{Const, PartialStruct}))
+        anyrefine = n_initialized_merged > fldmin
         for i = 1:nflds
             ai = getfield_tfunc(𝕃, typea, Const(i))
             bi = getfield_tfunc(𝕃, typeb, Const(i))
@@ -633,12 +697,16 @@ end
                 end
             end
             fields[i] = tyi
+            if i ≤ nundef
+                _undef[i] = is_field_maybe_undef(typea, i) || is_field_maybe_undef(typeb, i)
+            end
             if !anyrefine
                 anyrefine = has_nontrivial_extended_info(𝕃, tyi) || # extended information
-                            ⋤(𝕃, tyi, ft) # just a type-level information, but more precise than the declared type
+                            ⋤(𝕃, tyi, ft) || # just a type-level information, but more precise than the declared type
+                            !get(_undef, i, true) && i > fldmin # possibly uninitialized field is known to be initialized
             end
         end
-        anyrefine && return PartialStruct(𝕃, aty, fields)
+        anyrefine && return PartialStruct(𝕃, aty, _undef, fields)
     end
     return nothing
 end

Compiler/src/typeutils.jl

@@ -61,39 +61,6 @@ function isknownlength(t::DataType)
     return isdefined(va, :N) && va.N isa Int
 end
 
-# Compute the minimum number of initialized fields for a particular datatype
-# (therefore also a lower bound on the number of fields)
-function datatype_min_ninitialized(@nospecialize t0)
-    t = unwrap_unionall(t0)
-    t isa DataType || return 0
-    isabstracttype(t) && return 0
-    if t.name === _NAMEDTUPLE_NAME
-        names, types = t.parameters[1], t.parameters[2]
-        if names isa Tuple
-            return length(names)
-        end
-        t = argument_datatype(types)
-        t isa DataType || return 0
-        t.name === Tuple.name || return 0
-    end
-    if t.name === Tuple.name
-        n = length(t.parameters)
-        n == 0 && return 0
-        va = t.parameters[n]
-        if isvarargtype(va)
-            n -= 1
-            if isdefined(va, :N)
-                va = va.N
-                if va isa Int
-                    n += va
-                end
-            end
-        end
-        return n
-    end
-    return length(t.name.names) - t.name.n_uninitialized
-end
-
 has_concrete_subtype(d::DataType) = d.flags & 0x0020 == 0x0020 # n.b. often computed only after setting the type and layout fields
 
 # determine whether x is a valid lattice element