This file is based on the original Boost API documentation:
Regular expressions can be applied in highlight’s syntax definitions.
All characters are literals except: ., |, *, ?, +, (, ), {, },
[, ], ^, $ and \.
These characters are literals when preceded by a \.
A literal is a character that matches itself, or matches the result of
traits_type::translate(), where traits_type is the traits template parameter to
class basic_regex.
The dot character . matches any single character except: when
match_not_dot_null is passed to the matching algorithms, the dot does not
match a null character; when match_not_dot_newline is passed to the matching
algorithms, then the dot does not match a newline character.
A repeat is an expression that is repeated an arbitrary number of times.
An expression followed by * can be repeated any number of times including zero.
An expression followed by ` can be repeated any number of times, but at least
once, if the expression is compiled with the flag `regex_constants::bk_plus_qm`
then ` is an ordinary character and \+ represents a repeat of once or more.
An expression followed by ? may be repeated zero or one times only, if the
expression is compiled with the flag regex_constants::bk_plus_qm then ? is an
ordinary character and \? represents the repeat zero or once operator.
When it is necessary to specify the minimum and maximum number of repeats explicitly,
the bounds operator {} may be used, thus a{2} is the letter a repeated
exactly twice, a{2,4} represents the letter a repeated between 2 and 4
times, and a{2,} represents the letter a repeated at least twice with no
upper limit.
Note that there must be no white-space inside the {}, and there is
no upper limit on the values of the lower and upper bounds.
When the expression is compiled with the flag regex_constants::bk_braces then
{ and } are ordinary characters and \{ and \} are used to delimit bounds
instead.
All repeat expressions refer to the shortest possible previous sub-expression: a
single character; a character set, or a sub-expression grouped with () for
example.
ba*
|
will match all of “b”, “ba”, “baaa” etc. |
ba+
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will match “ba” or “baaaa” for example but not “b”. |
ba?
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will match “b” or “ba”. |
ba{2,4}
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will match “baa”, “baaa” and “baaaa”. |
Whenever the extended regular expression syntax is in use (the default) then
non-greedy repeats are possible by appending a ? after the repeat; a
non-greedy repeat is one which will match the shortest possible string.
For example to match html tag pairs one could use something like:
<\s*tagname[^>]*>(.*?)<\s*/tagname\s*>
In this case $1 will contain the text between the tag pairs, and will be the
shortest possible matching string.
Parentheses serve two purposes, to group items together into a sub-expression,
and to mark what generated the match.
For example the expression (ab)* would match all of the string “ababab”.
The matching algorithms regex_match and regex_search each take an instance
of match_results that reports what caused the match, on exit from these
functions the match_results contains information both on what the whole
expression matched and on what each sub-expression matched.
In the example above match_results[1] would contain a pair of iterators
denoting the final “ab” of the matching string.
It is permissible for sub-expressions to match null strings.
If a sub-expression takes no part in a match — for example if it is part of an alternative that is not taken — then both of the iterators that are returned for that sub-expression point to the end of the input string, and the matched parameter for that sub-expression is false.
Sub-expressions are indexed from left to right starting from 1, sub-expression 0 is the whole expression.
Sometimes you need to group sub-expressions with parenthesis, but don’t want the
parenthesis to spit out another marked sub-expression, in this case a
non-marking parenthesis (?:expression) can be used.
For example the following expression creates no sub-expressions:
(?:abc)*
There are two forms of these; one for positive forward lookahead asserts, and one for negative lookahead asserts:
(?=abc)
|
matches zero characters only if they are followed by the expression “abc”. |
(?!abc)
|
matches zero characters only if they are not followed by the expression “abc”. |
(?>expression) matches expression as an independent atom (the algorithm will
not backtrack into it if a failure occurs later in the expression).
Alternatives occur when the expression can match either one sub-expression or
another, each alternative is separated by a |, or a \| if the flag
regex_constants::bk_vbar is set, or by a newline character if the flag
regex_constants::newline_alt is set.
Each alternative is the largest possible previous sub-expression; this is the opposite behavior from repetition operators.
a(b|c)
|
could match “ab” or “ac”. |
abc|def
|
could match “abc” or “def”. |
A set is a set of characters that can match any single character that is a
member of the set.
Sets are delimited by [ and ] and can contain literals,
character ranges, character classes, collating elements and equivalence classes.
Set declarations that start with ^ contain the complement of the elements that
follow.
Character literals:
[abc]
|
will match either of “a”, “b”, or “c”. |
[^abc]
|
will match any character other than “a”, “b”, or “c”. |
Character ranges:
[a-z]
|
will match any character in the range “a” to “z”. |
[^A-Z]
|
will match any character other than those in the range “A” to “Z”. |
Note that character ranges are highly locale dependent if the flag
regex_constants::collate is set: they match any character that collates between
the endpoints of the range, ranges will only behave according to ASCII rules
when the default “C” locale is in effect.
For example if the library is compiled with the Win32 localization model, then
[a-z] will match the ASCII characters a-z, and also ‘A’, ‘B’ etc, but not
‘Z’ which collates just after ‘z’.
This locale specific behavior is disabled by default (in perl mode), and forces ranges to collate according to ASCII character code.
Character classes are denoted using the syntax [:classname:] within a set
declaration, for example is the set of all whitespace characters.
Character classes are only available if the flag regex_constants::char_classes
is set.
The available character classes are:
| class | description |
|---|---|
|
Any alpha numeric character. |
|
Any alphabetical character a-z and A-Z. Other characters may also be included depending upon the locale. |
|
Any blank character, either a space or a tab. |
|
Any control character. |
|
Any digit 0-9. |
|
Any graphical character. |
|
Any lower case character a-z. Other characters may also be included depending upon the locale. |
|
Any printable character. |
|
Any punctuation character. |
|
Any whitespace character. |
|
Any upper case character A-Z. Other characters may also be included depending upon the locale. |
|
Any hexadecimal digit character, 0-9, a-f and A-F. |
|
Any word character - all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore. |
|
Any character whose code is greater than 255, this applies to the wide character traits classes only. (not applicable in highlight) |
There are some shortcuts that can be used in place of the character classes,
provided the flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set then you can use:
\w
|
in place of |
\s
|
in place of |
\d
|
in place of |
\l
|
in place of |
\u
|
in place of |
Collating elements take the general form [.tagname.] inside a set declaration,
where tagname is either a single character, or a name of a collating element,
for example [[.a.]] is equivalent to [a], and [[.comma.]] is equivalent to [,].
The library supports all the standard POSIX collating element names, and in
addition the following digraphs: ae, ch, ll, ss, nj, dz, lj, each
in lower, upper and title case variations.
Multi-character collating elements can result in the set matching more than one
character, for example [[.ae.]] would match two characters, but note that
[^[.ae.]] would only match one character.
Equivalence classes take the general form [=tagname=] inside a set declaration,
where tagname is either a single character, or a name of a collating element,
and matches any character that is a member of the same primary equivalence class
as the collating element [.tagname.].
An equivalence class is a set of characters that collate the same, a primary equivalence class is a set of characters whose primary sort key are all the same (for example strings are typically collated by character, then by accent, and then by case; the primary sort key then relates to the character, the secondary to the accentation, and the tertiary to the case).
If there is no equivalence class corresponding to tagname, then [=tagname=] is
exactly the same as [.tagname.].
Unfortunately there is no locale independent method of obtaining the primary sort key for a character, except under Win32.
For other operating systems the library will “guess” the primary sort key from
the full sort key (obtained from strxfrm), so equivalence classes are probably
best considered broken under any operating system other than Win32.
To include a literal - in a set declaration then: make it the first character
after the opening [ or [^, the endpoint of a range, a collating element, or
if the flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set then precede with an escape
character as in [\-].
To include a literal [ or ] or ^ in a set then make them the endpoint of a
range, a collating element, or precede with an escape character if the flag
regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set.
An anchor is something that matches the null string at the start or end of a
line: ^ matches the null string at the start of a line, $ matches the null
string at the end of a line.
A back reference is a reference to a previous sub-expression that has already been matched, the reference is to what the sub-expression matched, not to the expression itself.
A back reference consists of the escape character \ followed by a digit 1 to
9, \1 refers to the first sub-expression, \2 to the second etc.
For example the expression (.*)\1 matches any string that is repeated about
its mid-point for example “abcabc” or “xyzxyz”.
A back reference to a sub-expression that did not participate in any match, matches the null string: NB this is different to some other regular expression matchers.
Back references are only available if the expression is compiled with the flag
regex_constants::bk_refs set.
The following operators are provided for compatibility with the GNU regular expression library.
The start of the sequence passed to the matching algorithms is considered to be
a potential start of a word unless the flag match_not_bow is set.
The end of the sequence passed to the matching algorithms is considered to be a
potential end of a word unless the flag match_not_eow is set.
The following operators are provided for compatibility with the GNU regular expression library, and Perl regular expressions:
\`
|
matches the start of a buffer. |
\A
|
matches the start of the buffer. |
\'
|
matches the end of a buffer. |
\z
|
matches the end of a buffer. |
\Z
|
matches the end of a buffer, or possibly one or more new line characters followed by the end of the buffer. |
A buffer is considered to consist of the whole sequence passed to the matching
algorithms, unless the flags match_not_bob or match_not_eob are set.
The escape character \ has several meanings.
Inside a set declaration the escape character is a normal character unless the
flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set in which case whatever follows the
escape is a literal character regardless of its normal meaning.
The escape operator may introduce an operator for example: back references, or a word operator.
The escape operator may make the following character normal, for example *
represents a literal * rather than the repeat operator.
The following escape sequences are aliases for single characters:
| Escape | Char | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Bell character. |
|
|
Form feed. |
|
|
Newline character. |
|
|
Carriage return. |
|
|
Tab character. |
|
|
Vertical tab. |
|
|
ASCII Escape character. |
|
|
Bell character. |
|
|
A hexadecimal character code, where XX is one or more hexadecimal digits |
|
|
A hexadecimal character code, where XX is one or more hexadecimal digits, optionally a Unicode character. |
|
|
An ASCII escape sequence control-Z, where Z is any ASCII
character greater than or equal to the code for |
The following are provided mostly for perl compatibility, but note that there
are some differences in the meanings of \l, \L, \u and \U:
\w
|
|
\W
|
Equivalent to |
\s
|
|
\S
|
Equivalent to |
\d
|
|
\D
|
Equivalent to |
\l
|
|
\L
|
Equivalent to |
\u
|
|
\U
|
Equivalent to |
\C
|
Any single character, equivalent to |
\X
|
Match any Unicode combining character sequence, for example |
\Q
|
The begin quote operator, everything that follows is treated as
a literal character until a |
\E
|
The end quote operator, terminates a sequence begun with |
Regex=[[ [A-Z]\w+ ]]
Highlight identifiers beginning with a capital letter.
Regex=[[ [$@%]\w+ ]]
Highlight variables beginning with $, @ or %.
Regex=[[ \$\{(\w+)\}) ]] or Regex=[[ \$\{(\w+)\} ]], Group=1
Highlight variable names like “${name}”.
Only the name is highlighted as keyword.
A sub-expression is used to achieve this effect.
If no sub-expression number
is defined (like in the first example above), the right-most sub match
(highest sub id) is returned.
Regex=[[ (\w+)\s*\( ]]
Highlight method names.
Note that a sub expression is used again.
Regex=[[STO\xe2\x88\x91]]
Unicode characters in a keyword.
[[\A(?!x)x]]
A never matching expression.
Can be used to disable a default syntax element.
Andre Simon
Git project with Git repository, bug tracker: