From bde64c898b3c627c3ac9bde02a14ce2f7e0fb5fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fabien Potencier <fabien.potencier@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:25:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] made small tweaks

---
 book/part09.rst | 329 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 329 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 book/part09.rst

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+Create your own framework... on top of the Symfony2 Components (part 9)
+=======================================================================
+
+Our framework is still missing a major characteristic of any good framework:
+*extensibility*. Being extensible means that the developer should be able to
+easily hook into the framework life cycle to modify the way the request is
+handled.
+
+What kind of hooks are we talking about? Authentication or caching for
+instance. To be flexible, hooks must be plug-and-play; the ones you "register"
+for an application are different from the next one depending on your specific
+needs. Many software have a similar concept like Drupal or Wordpress. In some
+languages, there is even a standard like `WSGI`_ in Python or `Rack`_ in Ruby.
+
+As there is no standard for PHP, we are going to use a well-known design
+pattern, the *Observer*, to allow any kind of behaviors to be attached to our
+framework; the Symfony2 EventDispatcher Component implements a lightweight
+version of this pattern:
+
+.. code-block:: json
+
+    {
+        "require": {
+            "symfony/class-loader": "2.1.*",
+            "symfony/http-foundation": "2.1.*",
+            "symfony/routing": "2.1.*",
+            "symfony/http-kernel": "2.1.*",
+            "symfony/event-dispatcher": "2.1.*"
+        },
+        "autoload": {
+            "psr-0": { "Simplex": "src/", "Calendar": "src/" }
+        }
+    }
+
+How does it work? The *dispatcher*, the central object of the event dispatcher
+system, notifies *listeners* of an *event* dispatched to it. Put another way:
+your code dispatches an event to the dispatcher, the dispatcher notifies all
+registered listeners for the event, and each listener do whatever it wants
+with the event.
+
+As an example, let's create a listener that transparently adds the Google
+Analytics code to all responses.
+
+To make it work, the framework must dispatch an event just before returning
+the Response instance::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/src/Simplex/Framework.php
+
+    namespace Simplex;
+
+    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
+    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
+    use Symfony\Component\Routing\Matcher\UrlMatcherInterface;
+    use Symfony\Component\Routing\Exception\ResourceNotFoundException;
+    use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Controller\ControllerResolverInterface;
+    use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher;
+
+    class Framework
+    {
+        protected $matcher;
+        protected $resolver;
+        protected $dispatcher;
+
+        public function __construct(EventDispatcher $dispatcher, UrlMatcherInterface $matcher, ControllerResolverInterface $resolver)
+        {
+            $this->matcher = $matcher;
+            $this->resolver = $resolver;
+            $this->dispatcher = $dispatcher;
+        }
+
+        public function handle(Request $request)
+        {
+            try {
+                $request->attributes->add($this->matcher->match($request->getPathInfo()));
+
+                $controller = $this->resolver->getController($request);
+                $arguments = $this->resolver->getArguments($request, $controller);
+
+                $response = call_user_func_array($controller, $arguments);
+            } catch (ResourceNotFoundException $e) {
+                $response = new Response('Not Found', 404);
+            } catch (\Exception $e) {
+                $response = new Response('An error occurred', 500);
+            }
+
+            // dispatch a response event
+            $this->dispatcher->dispatch('response', new ResponseEvent($response, $request));
+
+            return $response;
+        }
+    }
+
+Each time the framework handles a Request, a ``ResponseEvent`` event is
+now dispatched::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/src/Simplex/ResponseEvent.php
+
+    namespace Simplex;
+
+    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
+    use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
+    use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Event;
+
+    class ResponseEvent extends Event
+    {
+        private $request;
+        private $response;
+
+        public function __construct(Response $response, Request $request)
+        {
+            $this->response = $response;
+            $this->request = $request;
+        }
+
+        public function getResponse()
+        {
+            return $this->response;
+        }
+
+        public function getRequest()
+        {
+            return $this->request;
+        }
+    }
+
+The last step is the creation of the dispatcher in the front controller and
+the registration of a listener for the ``response`` event::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/web/front.php
+
+    require_once __DIR__.'/../vendor/.composer/autoload.php';
+
+    // ...
+
+    use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher;
+
+    $dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
+    $dispatcher->addListener('response', function (Simplex\ResponseEvent $event) {
+        $response = $event->getResponse();
+
+        if ($response->isRedirection()
+            || ($response->headers->has('Content-Type') && false === strpos($response->headers->get('Content-Type'), 'html'))
+            || 'html' !== $event->getRequest()->getRequestFormat()
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $response->setContent($response->getContent().'GA CODE');
+    });
+
+    $framework = new Simplex\Framework($dispatcher, $matcher, $resolver);
+    $response = $framework->handle($request);
+
+    $response->send();
+
+.. note::
+
+    The listener is just a proof of concept and you should add the Google
+    Analytics code just before the body tag.
+
+As you can see, ``addListener()`` associates a valid PHP callback to a named
+event (``response``); the event name must be the same as the one used in the
+``dispatch()`` call.
+
+In the listener, we add the Google Analytics code only if the response is not
+a redirection, if the requested format is HTML, and if the response content
+type is HTML (these conditions demonstrate the ease of manipulating the
+Request and Response data from your code).
+
+So far so good, but let's add another listener on the same event. Let's say
+that I want to set the ``Content-Length`` of the Response if it is not already
+set::
+
+    $dispatcher->addListener('response', function (Simplex\ResponseEvent $event) {
+        $response = $event->getResponse();
+        $headers = $response->headers;
+
+        if (!$headers->has('Content-Length') && !$headers->has('Transfer-Encoding')) {
+            $headers->set('Content-Length', strlen($response->getContent()));
+        }
+    });
+
+Depending on whether you have added this piece of code before the previous
+listener registration or after it, you will have the wrong or the right value
+for the ``Content-Length`` header. Sometimes, the order of the listeners
+matter but by default, all listeners are registered with the same priority,
+``0``. To tell the dispatcher to run a listener early, change the priority to
+a positive number; negative numbers can be used for low priority listeners.
+Here, we want the ``Content-Length`` listener to be executed last, so change
+the priority to ``-255``::
+
+    $dispatcher->addListener('response', function (Simplex\ResponseEvent $event) {
+        $response = $event->getResponse();
+        $headers = $response->headers;
+
+        if (!$headers->has('Content-Length') && !$headers->has('Transfer-Encoding')) {
+            $headers->set('Content-Length', strlen($response->getContent()));
+        }
+    }, -255);
+
+.. tip::
+
+    When creating your framework, think about priorities (reserve some numbers
+    for internal listeners for instance) and document them thoroughly.
+
+Let's refactor the code a bit by moving the Google listener to its own class::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/src/Simplex/GoogleListener.php
+
+    namespace Simplex;
+
+    class GoogleListener
+    {
+        public function onResponse(ResponseEvent $event)
+        {
+            $response = $event->getResponse();
+
+            if ($response->isRedirection()
+                || ($response->headers->has('Content-Type') && false === strpos($response->headers->get('Content-Type'), 'html'))
+                || 'html' !== $event->getRequest()->getRequestFormat()
+            ) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            $response->setContent($response->getContent().'GA CODE');
+        }
+    }
+
+And do the same with the other listener::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/src/Simplex/ContentLengthListener.php
+
+    namespace Simplex;
+
+    class ContentLengthListener
+    {
+        public function onResponse(ResponseEvent $event)
+        {
+            $response = $event->getResponse();
+            $headers = $response->headers;
+
+            if (!$headers->has('Content-Length') && !$headers->has('Transfer-Encoding')) {
+                $headers->set('Content-Length', strlen($response->getContent()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+Our front controller should now look like the following::
+
+    $dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
+    $dispatcher->addListener('response', array(new Simplex\ContentLengthListener(), 'onResponse'), -255);
+    $dispatcher->addListener('response', array(new Simplex\GoogleListener(), 'onResponse'));
+
+Even if the code is now nicely wrapped in classes, there is still a slight
+issue: the knowledge of the priorities is "hardcoded" in the front controller,
+instead of being in the listeners themselves. For each application, you have
+to remember to set the appropriate priorities. Moreover, the listener method
+names are also exposed here, which means that refactoring our listeners would
+mean changing all the applications that rely on those listeners. Of course,
+there is a solution: use subscribers instead of listeners::
+
+    $dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
+    $dispatcher->addSubscriber(new Simplex\ContentLengthListener());
+    $dispatcher->addSubscriber(new Simplex\GoogleListener());
+
+A subscriber knowns about all the events it is interested in and pass this
+information to the dispatcher via the ``getSubscribedEvents()`` method. Have a
+look at the new version of the ``GoogleListener``::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/src/Simplex/GoogleListener.php
+
+    namespace Simplex;
+
+    use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventSubscriberInterface;
+
+    class GoogleListener implements EventSubscriberInterface
+    {
+        // ...
+
+        public static function getSubscribedEvents()
+        {
+            return array('response' => 'onResponse');
+        }
+    }
+
+And here is the new version of ``ContentLengthListener``::
+
+    <?php
+
+    // example.com/src/Simplex/ContentLengthListener.php
+
+    namespace Simplex;
+
+    use Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventSubscriberInterface;
+
+    class ContentLengthListener implements EventSubscriberInterface
+    {
+        // ...
+
+        public static function getSubscribedEvents()
+        {
+            return array('response' => array('onResponse', -255));
+        }
+    }
+
+.. tip::
+
+    A single subscriber can host as many listeners as you want on as many
+    events as needed.
+
+To make your framework truly flexible, don't hesitate to add more events; and
+to make it more awesome out of the box, add more listeners. Again, this series
+is not about creating a generic framework, but one that is tailored to your
+needs. Stop whenever you see fit, and further evolve the code from there.
+
+.. _`WSGI`: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/#middleware-components-that-play-both-sides
+.. _`Rack`: http://rack.rubyforge.org/