diff --git a/integration/batching-with-context-esModuleInterop/batching.ts b/integration/batching-with-context-esModuleInterop/batching.ts
index fc7c79a77..a806c090e 100644
--- a/integration/batching-with-context-esModuleInterop/batching.ts
+++ b/integration/batching-with-context-esModuleInterop/batching.ts
@@ -779,5 +779,5 @@ function isSet(value: any): boolean {
 }
 
 function fail(message?: string): never {
-  throw new Error(message ?? "Failed");
+  throw new globalThis.Error(message ?? "Failed");
 }
diff --git a/integration/batching-with-context/batching.ts b/integration/batching-with-context/batching.ts
index b99cecca2..b698224cd 100644
--- a/integration/batching-with-context/batching.ts
+++ b/integration/batching-with-context/batching.ts
@@ -779,5 +779,5 @@ function isSet(value: any): boolean {
 }
 
 function fail(message?: string): never {
-  throw new Error(message ?? "Failed");
+  throw new globalThis.Error(message ?? "Failed");
 }
diff --git a/integration/extensions/test.ts b/integration/extensions/test.ts
index f0ac4bfdd..e114ff2e7 100644
--- a/integration/extensions/test.ts
+++ b/integration/extensions/test.ts
@@ -625,5 +625,5 @@ export interface Extension<T> {
 }
 
 function fail(message?: string): never {
-  throw new Error(message ?? "Failed");
+  throw new globalThis.Error(message ?? "Failed");
 }
diff --git a/integration/grpc-js/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/grpc-js/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 3a8e3f4b9..5760ebc59 100644
--- a/integration/grpc-js/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/grpc-js/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/map-bigint-optional/test.ts b/integration/map-bigint-optional/test.ts
index 5a7977640..527097d04 100644
--- a/integration/map-bigint-optional/test.ts
+++ b/integration/map-bigint-optional/test.ts
@@ -131,13 +131,13 @@ export const MapBigInt_MapEntry = {
   encode(message: MapBigInt_MapEntry, writer: _m0.Writer = _m0.Writer.create()): _m0.Writer {
     if (message.key !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asUintN(64, message.key) !== message.key) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.key of type fixed64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.key of type fixed64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(9).fixed64(message.key.toString());
     }
     if (message.value !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asIntN(64, message.value) !== message.value) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.value of type int64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.value of type int64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(16).int64(message.value.toString());
     }
diff --git a/integration/nestjs-simple/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/nestjs-simple/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 957649d66..a3485c05d 100644
--- a/integration/nestjs-simple/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/nestjs-simple/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = Struct.wrap(value);
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new gt.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/nice-grpc/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/nice-grpc/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 1c9ada703..c14e39613 100644
--- a/integration/nice-grpc/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/nice-grpc/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/oneof-unions-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/oneof-unions-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 1a528b610..4208674b9 100644
--- a/integration/oneof-unions-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/oneof-unions-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.kind = { $case: "struct_value", struct_value: value };
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/oneof-unions/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/oneof-unions/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 93f15fe19..e7ee042b7 100644
--- a/integration/oneof-unions/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/oneof-unions/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.kind = { $case: "structValue", structValue: value };
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/timestamp.ts b/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/timestamp.ts
index f005cadf4..8ddcf6b68 100644
--- a/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/timestamp.ts
+++ b/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/timestamp.ts
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export const Timestamp = {
   encode(message: Timestamp, writer: _m0.Writer = _m0.Writer.create()): _m0.Writer {
     if (message.seconds !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asIntN(64, message.seconds) !== message.seconds) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.seconds of type int64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.seconds of type int64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(8).int64(message.seconds.toString());
     }
diff --git a/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/wrappers.ts b/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/wrappers.ts
index c1d6b8f8a..b89f02f15 100644
--- a/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/wrappers.ts
+++ b/integration/simple-long-bigint/google/protobuf/wrappers.ts
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ export const Int64Value = {
   encode(message: Int64Value, writer: _m0.Writer = _m0.Writer.create()): _m0.Writer {
     if (message.value !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asIntN(64, message.value) !== message.value) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.value of type int64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.value of type int64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(8).int64(message.value.toString());
     }
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ export const UInt64Value = {
   encode(message: UInt64Value, writer: _m0.Writer = _m0.Writer.create()): _m0.Writer {
     if (message.value !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asUintN(64, message.value) !== message.value) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.value of type uint64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.value of type uint64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(8).uint64(message.value.toString());
     }
diff --git a/integration/simple-long-bigint/simple.ts b/integration/simple-long-bigint/simple.ts
index c65d8cbf7..78af89d65 100644
--- a/integration/simple-long-bigint/simple.ts
+++ b/integration/simple-long-bigint/simple.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export const Numbers = {
     }
     if (message.int64 !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asIntN(64, message.int64) !== message.int64) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.int64 of type int64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.int64 of type int64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(32).int64(message.int64.toString());
     }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export const Numbers = {
     }
     if (message.uint64 !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asUintN(64, message.uint64) !== message.uint64) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.uint64 of type uint64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.uint64 of type uint64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(48).uint64(message.uint64.toString());
     }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export const Numbers = {
     }
     if (message.sint64 !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asIntN(64, message.sint64) !== message.sint64) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.sint64 of type sint64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.sint64 of type sint64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(64).sint64(message.sint64.toString());
     }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export const Numbers = {
     }
     if (message.fixed64 !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asUintN(64, message.fixed64) !== message.fixed64) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.fixed64 of type fixed64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.fixed64 of type fixed64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(81).fixed64(message.fixed64.toString());
     }
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ export const Numbers = {
     }
     if (message.sfixed64 !== BigInt("0")) {
       if (BigInt.asIntN(64, message.sfixed64) !== message.sfixed64) {
-        throw new Error("value provided for field message.sfixed64 of type sfixed64 too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("value provided for field message.sfixed64 of type sfixed64 too large");
       }
       writer.uint32(97).sfixed64(message.sfixed64.toString());
     }
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ export const Numbers = {
     writer.uint32(122).fork();
     for (const v of message.uint64s) {
       if (BigInt.asUintN(64, v) !== v) {
-        throw new Error("a value provided in array field uint64s of type uint64 is too large");
+        throw new globalThis.Error("a value provided in array field uint64s of type uint64 is too large");
       }
       writer.uint64(v.toString());
     }
diff --git a/integration/simple-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/simple-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index c9995ba7e..5dc64396f 100644
--- a/integration/simple-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/simple-snake/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.struct_value = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/simple-string-enums/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/simple-string-enums/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 6e9861e1e..e866f6505 100644
--- a/integration/simple-string-enums/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/simple-string-enums/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/static-only-type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/static-only-type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index ca3db4fc0..6d44332d0 100644
--- a/integration/static-only-type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/static-only-type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/static-only/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/static-only/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 404116da3..4831a6f92 100644
--- a/integration/static-only/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/static-only/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/struct/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/struct/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 3a8e3f4b9..5760ebc59 100644
--- a/integration/struct/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/struct/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/type-annotations/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/type-annotations/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 3679b516c..e1cd21542 100644
--- a/integration/type-annotations/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/type-annotations/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 9c6151278..122718b12 100644
--- a/integration/type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/type-registry/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/use-map-type/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/use-map-type/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 4309baf71..b5294734a 100644
--- a/integration/use-map-type/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/use-map-type/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/use-numeric-enum-json/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/use-numeric-enum-json/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index ab56a6b9b..276b617e8 100644
--- a/integration/use-numeric-enum-json/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/use-numeric-enum-json/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/use-readonly-types/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/use-readonly-types/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 93299eb71..1c1c45bca 100644
--- a/integration/use-readonly-types/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/use-readonly-types/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.kind = { $case: "structValue", structValue: value };
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/integration/value/google/protobuf/struct.ts b/integration/value/google/protobuf/struct.ts
index 3a8e3f4b9..5760ebc59 100644
--- a/integration/value/google/protobuf/struct.ts
+++ b/integration/value/google/protobuf/struct.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ export const Value = {
     } else if (typeof value === "object") {
       result.structValue = value;
     } else if (typeof value !== "undefined") {
-      throw new Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
+      throw new globalThis.Error("Unsupported any value type: " + typeof value);
     }
     return result;
   },
diff --git a/src/generate-struct-wrappers.ts b/src/generate-struct-wrappers.ts
index 7a55ae34d..bcf65d4d9 100644
--- a/src/generate-struct-wrappers.ts
+++ b/src/generate-struct-wrappers.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export function generateWrapDeep(ctx: Context, fullProtoTypeName: string, fieldN
       } else if (typeof value === 'object') {
         result.${fieldNames.structValue} = Struct.wrap(value);
       } else if (typeof value !== 'undefined') {
-        throw new Error('Unsupported any value type: ' + typeof value);
+        throw new ${ctx.utils.globalThis}.Error('Unsupported any value type: ' + typeof value);
       }
       return result;
     }`);
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ export function generateWrapShallow(ctx: Context, fullProtoTypeName: string, fie
         } else if (typeof value === 'object') {
           result.kind = {$case: '${fieldNames.structValue}', ${fieldNames.structValue}: value};
         } else if (typeof value !== 'undefined') {
-          throw new Error('Unsupported any value type: ' + typeof value);
+          throw new ${ctx.utils.globalThis}.Error('Unsupported any value type: ' + typeof value);
         }
         return result;
     }`);
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ export function generateWrapShallow(ctx: Context, fullProtoTypeName: string, fie
         } else if (typeof value === 'object') {
           result.${fieldNames.structValue} = value;
         } else if (typeof value !== 'undefined') {
-          throw new Error('Unsupported any value type: ' + typeof value);
+          throw new ${ctx.utils.globalThis}.Error('Unsupported any value type: ' + typeof value);
         }
         return result;
       }`);
diff --git a/src/main.ts b/src/main.ts
index 9dd0ad900..c771130aa 100644
--- a/src/main.ts
+++ b/src/main.ts
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ export function makeUtils(options: Options): Utils {
     ...makeNiceGrpcServerStreamingMethodResult(),
     ...makeGrpcWebErrorClass(bytes),
     ...makeExtensionClass(options),
-    ...makeAssertionUtils(),
+    ...makeAssertionUtils(bytes),
   };
 }
 
@@ -869,12 +869,12 @@ function makeExtensionClass(options: Options) {
   return { Extension };
 }
 
-function makeAssertionUtils() {
+function makeAssertionUtils(bytes: ReturnType<typeof makeByteUtils>) {
   const fail = conditionalOutput(
     "fail",
     code`
       function fail(message?: string): never {
-        throw new Error(message ?? "Failed");
+        throw new ${bytes.globalThis}.Error(message ?? "Failed");
       }
     `,
   );
@@ -1298,13 +1298,13 @@ function getEncodeWriteSnippet(ctx: Context, field: FieldDescriptorProto): (plac
       case "sint64":
       case "sfixed64":
         return (place) => code`if (BigInt.asIntN(64, ${place}) !== ${place}) {
-          throw new Error('value provided for field ${place} of type ${fieldType} too large');
+          throw new ${utils.globalThis}.Error('value provided for field ${place} of type ${fieldType} too large');
         }
         writer.uint32(${tag}).${toReaderCall(field)}(${place}.toString())`;
       case "uint64":
       case "fixed64":
         return (place) => code`if (BigInt.asUintN(64, ${place}) !== ${place}) {
-          throw new Error('value provided for field ${place} of type ${fieldType} too large');
+          throw new ${utils.globalThis}.Error('value provided for field ${place} of type ${fieldType} too large');
         }
         writer.uint32(${tag}).${toReaderCall(field)}(${place}.toString())`;
       default:
@@ -1474,7 +1474,9 @@ function generateEncode(ctx: Context, fullName: string, messageDesc: DescriptorP
                 writer.uint32(${tag}).fork();
                 for (const v of ${messageProperty}) {
                   if (BigInt.asIntN(64, v) !== v) {
-                    throw new Error('a value provided in array field ${fieldName} of type ${fieldType} is too large');
+                    throw new ${
+                      utils.globalThis
+                    }.Error('a value provided in array field ${fieldName} of type ${fieldType} is too large');
                   }
                   writer.${toReaderCall(field)}(${rhs("v")});
                 }
@@ -1487,7 +1489,9 @@ function generateEncode(ctx: Context, fullName: string, messageDesc: DescriptorP
                 writer.uint32(${tag}).fork();
                 for (const v of ${messageProperty}) {
                   if (BigInt.asUintN(64, v) !== v) {
-                    throw new Error('a value provided in array field ${fieldName} of type ${fieldType} is too large');
+                    throw new ${
+                      utils.globalThis
+                    }.Error('a value provided in array field ${fieldName} of type ${fieldType} is too large');
                   }                
                   writer.${toReaderCall(field)}(${rhs("v")});
                 }