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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Package 'datasets' reference manual</title>
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<body class="postdoc macintosh">
<h1 class="manual-title">Package 'datasets'</h1>
<table class="description-table">
<tr>
<th>Title:</th>
<td class="description-title">The R Datasets Package</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Description:</th>
<td class="description-description">Base R datasets.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Authors:</th>
<td class="description-author"><span>R Core Team and contributors worldwide</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Maintainer:</th>
<td class="description-maintainer">R Core Team <do-use-Contact-address@r-project.org></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>License:</th>
<td class="description-license">Part of R 4.4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Version:</th>
<td class="description-version">4.4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Built:</th>
<td class="description-date">2024-06-15 17:27:36 UTC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Source:</th>
<td class="description-source">base</td>
</tr>
</table>
<a href="#help-index" style="color:black;"><h2 id="help-index">Help Index</h2></a>
<ul id="help-index-list">
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#datasets-package">
The R Datasets Package
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#ability.cov">Ability and Intelligence Tests</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#airmiles">Passenger Miles on Commercial US Airlines, 1937–1960</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#AirPassengers">Monthly Airline Passenger Numbers 1949-1960</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#airquality">New York Air Quality Measurements</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#anscombe">Anscombe's Quartet of ‘Identical’ Simple Linear Regressions</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#attenu">The Joyner–Boore Attenuation Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#attitude">The Chatterjee–Price Attitude Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#austres">
Quarterly Time Series of the Number of Australian Residents
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#beavers">Body Temperature Series of Two Beavers</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#BJsales">Sales Data with Leading Indicator</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#BOD"> Biochemical Oxygen Demand </a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#cars">Speed and Stopping Distances of Cars</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#ChickWeight">Weight versus age of chicks on different diets</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#chickwts">Chicken Weights by Feed Type</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#co2">Mauna Loa Atmospheric CO2 Concentration</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#zCO2">Carbon Dioxide Uptake in Grass Plants</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#crimtab">Student's 3000 Criminals Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#discoveries">Yearly Numbers of Important Discoveries</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#DNase">Elisa assay of DNase</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#esoph">Smoking, Alcohol and (O)esophageal Cancer</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#euro">Conversion Rates of Euro Currencies</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#eurodist">Distances Between European Cities and Between US Cities</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#EuStockMarkets">
Daily Closing Prices of Major European Stock Indices, 1991–1998
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#faithful">Old Faithful Geyser Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Formaldehyde">Determination of Formaldehyde</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#freeny">Freeny's Revenue Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#HairEyeColor">Hair and Eye Color of Statistics Students</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Harman23.cor">Harman Example 2.3</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Harman74.cor">Harman Example 7.4</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Indometh">Pharmacokinetics of Indomethacin</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#infert">Infertility after Spontaneous and Induced Abortion</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#InsectSprays">Effectiveness of Insect Sprays</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#iris">Edgar Anderson's Iris Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#islands">Areas of the World's Major Landmasses</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#JohnsonJohnson">Quarterly Earnings per Johnson & Johnson Share</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#LakeHuron">Level of Lake Huron 1875–1972</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#lh">
Luteinizing Hormone in Blood Samples
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#LifeCycleSavings">Intercountry Life-Cycle Savings Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Loblolly">Growth of Loblolly Pine Trees</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#longley">Longley's Economic Regression Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#lynx">Annual Canadian Lynx trappings 1821–1934</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#morley">Michelson Speed of Light Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#mtcars">Motor Trend Car Road Tests</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#nhtemp">Average Yearly Temperatures in New Haven</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Nile">Flow of the River Nile</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#nottem">
Average Monthly Temperatures at Nottingham, 1920–1939
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#npk">
Classical N, P, K Factorial Experiment
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#occupationalStatus">Occupational Status of Fathers and their Sons</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Orange">Growth of Orange Trees</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#OrchardSprays">Potency of Orchard Sprays</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#PlantGrowth">Results from an Experiment on Plant Growth</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#precip">Annual Precipitation in US Cities</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#presidents">Quarterly Approval Ratings of US Presidents</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#pressure">Vapor Pressure of Mercury as a Function of Temperature</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Puromycin">Reaction Velocity of an Enzymatic Reaction</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#quakes">Locations of Earthquakes off Fiji</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#randu">Random Numbers from Congruential Generator RANDU</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#rivers">Lengths of Major North American Rivers</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#rock">Measurements on Petroleum Rock Samples</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#sleep">Student's Sleep Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#stackloss">Brownlee's Stack Loss Plant Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#state">US State Facts and Figures</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#sunspot.month">Monthly Sunspot Data, from 1749 to "Present"</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#sunspot.year">Yearly Sunspot Data, 1700–1988</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#sunspots">Monthly Sunspot Numbers, 1749–1983</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#swiss">Swiss Fertility and Socioeconomic Indicators (1888) Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Theoph">Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#Titanic">Survival of passengers on the Titanic</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#ToothGrowth">The Effect of Vitamin C on Tooth Growth in Guinea Pigs</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#treering">
Yearly Tree-Ring Data, -6000–1979
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#trees">Diameter, Height and Volume for Black Cherry Trees</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#UCBAdmissions">Student Admissions at UC Berkeley</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#UKDriverDeaths">
Road Casualties in Great Britain 1969–84
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#UKgas">UK Quarterly Gas Consumption</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#UKLungDeaths">
Monthly Deaths from Lung Diseases in the UK
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#USAccDeaths">
Accidental Deaths in the US 1973–1978
</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#USArrests">Violent Crime Rates by US State</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#USJudgeRatings">Lawyers' Ratings of State Judges in the US Superior Court</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#USPersonalExpenditure">Personal Expenditure Data</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#uspop">Populations Recorded by the US Census</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#VADeaths">Death Rates in Virginia (1940)</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#volcano">Topographic Information on Auckland's Maunga Whau Volcano</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#warpbreaks">The Number of Breaks in Yarn during Weaving</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#women">Average Heights and Weights for American Women</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#WorldPhones">The World's Telephones</a></li>
<li class="help-index-item"><a href="#WWWusage">Internet Usage per Minute</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<div class="manual-pages-content">
<div class="container manual-page" id="datasets-package"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#datasets-package" class="help-page-title"><h2>
The R Datasets Package
</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Base R datasets
</p>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>This package contains a variety of datasets. For a complete
list, use <code>library(help = "datasets")</code>.
</p>
<h3>Author(s)</h3>
<p>R Core Team and contributors worldwide
</p>
<p>Maintainer: R Core Team <a href="mailto:R-core@r-project.org">R-core@r-project.org</a>
</p>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="ability.cov"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#ability.cov" class="help-page-title"><h2>Ability and Intelligence Tests</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Six tests were given to 112 individuals. The covariance matrix is
given in this object.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">ability.cov</code><code class="language-r">ability.cov</code></pre>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>The tests are described as
</p>
<dl>
<dt>general:</dt>
<dd>
<p>a non-verbal measure of general intelligence using
Cattell's culture-fair test.</p>
</dd>
<dt>picture:</dt>
<dd>
<p>a picture-completion test</p>
</dd>
<dt>blocks:</dt>
<dd>
<p>block design</p>
</dd>
<dt>maze:</dt>
<dd>
<p>mazes</p>
</dd>
<dt>reading:</dt>
<dd>
<p>reading comprehension</p>
</dd>
<dt>vocab:</dt>
<dd>
<p>vocabulary</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Bartholomew gives both covariance and correlation matrices,
but these are inconsistent. Neither are in the original paper.
</p>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>Bartholomew, D. J. (1987).
<em>Latent Variable Analysis and Factor Analysis</em>.
Griffin.
</p>
<p>Bartholomew, D. J. and Knott, M. (1990).
<em>Latent Variable Analysis and Factor Analysis</em>.
Second Edition, Arnold.
</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Smith, G. A. and Stanley G. (1983).
Clocking <code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">g</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span></span></span></span></code>: relating intelligence and measures of timed
performance.
<em>Intelligence</em>, <b>7</b>, 353–368.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896%2883%2990010-7" target="_blank">doi:10.1016/0160-2896(83)90010-7</a>.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">
require(stats)
(ability.FA <- factanal(factors = 1, covmat = ability.cov))
update(ability.FA, factors = 2)
## The signs of factors and hence the signs of correlations are
## arbitrary with promax rotation.
update(ability.FA, factors = 2, rotation = "promax")
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>stats<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ability.FA <span class="token operator"><-</span> factanal<span class="token punctuation">(</span>factors <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> covmat <span class="token operator">=</span> ability.cov<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
update<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ability.FA<span class="token punctuation">,</span> factors <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## The signs of factors and hence the signs of correlations are</span>
<span class="token comment">## arbitrary with promax rotation.</span>
update<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ability.FA<span class="token punctuation">,</span> factors <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> rotation <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"promax"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="airmiles"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#airmiles" class="help-page-title"><h2>Passenger Miles on Commercial US Airlines, 1937–1960</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>The revenue passenger miles flown by commercial airlines in
the United States for each year from 1937 to 1960.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">airmiles</code><code class="language-r">airmiles</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>A time series of 24 observations; yearly, 1937–1960.
</p>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>F.A.A. Statistical Handbook of Aviation.</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Brown, R. G. (1963)
<em>Smoothing, Forecasting and Prediction of Discrete Time Series</em>.
Prentice-Hall.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(graphics)
plot(airmiles, main = "airmiles data",
xlab = "Passenger-miles flown by U.S. commercial airlines", col = 4)
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>graphics<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>airmiles<span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"airmiles data"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
xlab <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"Passenger-miles flown by U.S. commercial airlines"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="AirPassengers"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#AirPassengers" class="help-page-title"><h2>Monthly Airline Passenger Numbers 1949-1960</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>The classic Box & Jenkins airline data. Monthly totals of
international airline passengers, 1949 to 1960.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">AirPassengers</code><code class="language-r">AirPassengers</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>A monthly time series, in thousands.
</p>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M. and Reinsel, G. C. (1976)
<em>Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control.</em>
Third Edition. Holden-Day. Series G.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">## The classic 'airline model', by full ML
(fit <- arima(log10(AirPassengers), c(0, 1, 1),
seasonal = list(order = c(0, 1, 1), period = 12)))
update(fit, method = "CSS")
update(fit, x = window(log10(AirPassengers), start = 1954))
pred <- predict(fit, n.ahead = 24)
tl <- pred$pred - 1.96 * pred$se
tu <- pred$pred + 1.96 * pred$se
ts.plot(AirPassengers, 10^tl, 10^tu, log = "y", lty = c(1, 2, 2))
## full ML fit is the same if the series is reversed, CSS fit is not
ap0 <- rev(log10(AirPassengers))
attributes(ap0) <- attributes(AirPassengers)
arima(ap0, c(0, 1, 1), seasonal = list(order = c(0, 1, 1), period = 12))
arima(ap0, c(0, 1, 1), seasonal = list(order = c(0, 1, 1), period = 12),
method = "CSS")
## Structural Time Series
ap <- log10(AirPassengers) - 2
(fit <- StructTS(ap, type = "BSM"))
par(mfrow = c(1, 2))
plot(cbind(ap, fitted(fit)), plot.type = "single")
plot(cbind(ap, tsSmooth(fit)), plot.type = "single")
</code><code class="language-r"><span class="token comment">## The classic 'airline model', by full ML</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit <span class="token operator"><-</span> arima<span class="token punctuation">(</span>log10<span class="token punctuation">(</span>AirPassengers<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
seasonal <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">(</span>order <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> period <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
update<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit<span class="token punctuation">,</span> method <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"CSS"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
update<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit<span class="token punctuation">,</span> x <span class="token operator">=</span> window<span class="token punctuation">(</span>log10<span class="token punctuation">(</span>AirPassengers<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1954</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
pred <span class="token operator"><-</span> predict<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit<span class="token punctuation">,</span> n.ahead <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">24</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
tl <span class="token operator"><-</span> pred<span class="token operator">$</span>pred <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token number">1.96</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> pred<span class="token operator">$</span>se
tu <span class="token operator"><-</span> pred<span class="token operator">$</span>pred <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1.96</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> pred<span class="token operator">$</span>se
ts.plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>AirPassengers<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">^</span>tl<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">^</span>tu<span class="token punctuation">,</span> log <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> lty <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## full ML fit is the same if the series is reversed, CSS fit is not</span>
ap0 <span class="token operator"><-</span> rev<span class="token punctuation">(</span>log10<span class="token punctuation">(</span>AirPassengers<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
attributes<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ap0<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator"><-</span> attributes<span class="token punctuation">(</span>AirPassengers<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
arima<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ap0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> seasonal <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">(</span>order <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> period <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
arima<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ap0<span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> seasonal <span class="token operator">=</span> list<span class="token punctuation">(</span>order <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> period <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">12</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
method <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"CSS"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## Structural Time Series</span>
ap <span class="token operator"><-</span> log10<span class="token punctuation">(</span>AirPassengers<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token number">2</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit <span class="token operator"><-</span> StructTS<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ap<span class="token punctuation">,</span> type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"BSM"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>mfrow <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>cbind<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ap<span class="token punctuation">,</span> fitted<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> plot.type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"single"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>cbind<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ap<span class="token punctuation">,</span> tsSmooth<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fit<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> plot.type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"single"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="airquality"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#airquality" class="help-page-title"><h2>New York Air Quality Measurements</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Daily air quality measurements in New York, May to September 1973.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">airquality</code><code class="language-r">airquality</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>A data frame with 153 observations on 6 variables.
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>[,1]</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>Ozone</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Ozone (<abbr>ppb</abbr>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>[,2]</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>Solar.R</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Solar R (<abbr>lang</abbr>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>[,3]</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>Wind</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Wind (mph)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>[,4]</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>Temp</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Temperature (degrees F)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>[,5]</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>Month</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Month (1--12)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>[,6]</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>Day</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Day of month (1--31)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Details</h3>
<p>Daily readings of the following air quality values for May 1, 1973 (a
Tuesday) to September 30, 1973.
</p>
<ul>
<li> <p><code>Ozone</code>: Mean ozone in parts per
billion from 1300 to 1500 hours at Roosevelt Island
</p>
</li>
<li> <p><code>Solar.R</code>: Solar radiation
in Langleys in the frequency band 4000–7700 Angstroms from
0800 to 1200 hours at Central Park
</p>
</li>
<li> <p><code>Wind</code>: Average wind speed in miles
per hour at 0700 and 1000 hours at LaGuardia Airport
</p>
</li>
<li> <p><code>Temp</code>: Maximum daily
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at LaGuardia Airport.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>The data were obtained from the New York State Department of
Conservation (ozone data) and the National Weather Service
(meteorological data).
</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B. and Tukey, P. A. (1983)
<em>Graphical Methods for Data Analysis</em>.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(graphics)
pairs(airquality, panel = panel.smooth, main = "airquality data")
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>graphics<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
pairs<span class="token punctuation">(</span>airquality<span class="token punctuation">,</span> panel <span class="token operator">=</span> panel.smooth<span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"airquality data"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="anscombe"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#anscombe" class="help-page-title"><h2>Anscombe's Quartet of ‘Identical’ Simple Linear Regressions</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Four <code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span></span></span></span></code>-<code class="reqn"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span></code> datasets which have the same traditional
statistical properties (mean, variance, correlation, regression line,
etc.), yet are quite different.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">anscombe</code><code class="language-r">anscombe</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>A data frame with 11 observations on 8 variables.
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>x1</code> == <code>x2</code> == <code>x3</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> the integers 4:14, specially arranged </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>x4</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> values 8 and 19 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
<code>y1</code>, <code>y2</code>, <code>y3</code>, <code>y4</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numbers in (3, 12.5)
with mean 7.5 and standard deviation 2.03</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>Tufte, Edward R. (1989).
<em>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</em>, 13–14.
Graphics Press.
</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Anscombe, Francis J. (1973).
Graphs in statistical analysis.
<em>The American Statistician</em>, <b>27</b>, 17–21.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2682899" target="_blank">doi:10.2307/2682899</a>.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(stats); require(graphics)
summary(anscombe)
##-- now some "magic" to do the 4 regressions in a loop:
ff <- y ~ x
mods <- setNames(as.list(1:4), paste0("lm", 1:4))
for(i in 1:4) {
ff[2:3] <- lapply(paste0(c("y","x"), i), as.name)
## or ff[[2]] <- as.name(paste0("y", i))
## ff[[3]] <- as.name(paste0("x", i))
mods[[i]] <- lmi <- lm(ff, data = anscombe)
print(anova(lmi))
}
## See how close they are (numerically!)
sapply(mods, coef)
lapply(mods, function(fm) coef(summary(fm)))
## Now, do what you should have done in the first place: PLOTS
op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = 0.1+c(4,4,1,1), oma = c(0, 0, 2, 0))
for(i in 1:4) {
ff[2:3] <- lapply(paste0(c("y","x"), i), as.name)
plot(ff, data = anscombe, col = "red", pch = 21, bg = "orange", cex = 1.2,
xlim = c(3, 19), ylim = c(3, 13))
abline(mods[[i]], col = "blue")
}
mtext("Anscombe's 4 Regression data sets", outer = TRUE, cex = 1.5)
par(op)
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>stats<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>graphics<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
summary<span class="token punctuation">(</span>anscombe<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">##-- now some "magic" to do the 4 regressions in a loop:</span>
ff <span class="token operator"><-</span> y <span class="token operator">~</span> x
mods <span class="token operator"><-</span> setNames<span class="token punctuation">(</span>as.list<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> paste0<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"lm"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
ff<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator"><-</span> lapply<span class="token punctuation">(</span>paste0<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">"x"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> as.name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## or ff[[2]] <- as.name(paste0("y", i))</span>
<span class="token comment">## ff[[3]] <- as.name(paste0("x", i))</span>
mods<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator"><-</span> lmi <span class="token operator"><-</span> lm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ff<span class="token punctuation">,</span> data <span class="token operator">=</span> anscombe<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
print<span class="token punctuation">(</span>anova<span class="token punctuation">(</span>lmi<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment">## See how close they are (numerically!)</span>
sapply<span class="token punctuation">(</span>mods<span class="token punctuation">,</span> coef<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
lapply<span class="token punctuation">(</span>mods<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>fm<span class="token punctuation">)</span> coef<span class="token punctuation">(</span>summary<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fm<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## Now, do what you should have done in the first place: PLOTS</span>
op <span class="token operator"><-</span> par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>mfrow <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> mar <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0.1</span><span class="token operator">+</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> oma <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token keyword">in</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
ff<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">:</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator"><-</span> lapply<span class="token punctuation">(</span>paste0<span class="token punctuation">(</span>c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"y"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">"x"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> as.name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>ff<span class="token punctuation">,</span> data <span class="token operator">=</span> anscombe<span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"red"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> pch <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">21</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> bg <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"orange"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> cex <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1.2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
xlim <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">19</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ylim <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">13</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
abline<span class="token punctuation">(</span>mods<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"blue"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
mtext<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Anscombe's 4 Regression data sets"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> outer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">TRUE</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> cex <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1.5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>op<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="attenu"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#attenu" class="help-page-title"><h2>The Joyner–Boore Attenuation Data</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>This data gives peak accelerations measured at various observation
stations for 23 earthquakes in California. The data have been used
by various workers to estimate the attenuating affect of distance
on ground acceleration.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">attenu</code><code class="language-r">attenu</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>A data frame with 182 observations on 5 variables.
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
[,1] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>event</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Event Number</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
[,2] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>mag</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Moment Magnitude</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
[,3] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>station</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> factor </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Station Number</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
[,4] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>dist</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Station-hypocenter distance (km)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
[,5] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> <code>accel</code> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Peak acceleration (g)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>Joyner, W.B., D.M. Boore and R.D. Porcella (1981). Peak horizontal
acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including
records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California earthquake. <abbr>USGS</abbr>
Open File report 81-365. Menlo Park, Ca.
</p>
<h3>References</h3>
<p>Boore, D. M. and Joyner, W. B.(1982).
The empirical prediction of ground motion,
<em>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</em>, <b>72</b>,
S269–S268.
</p>
<p>Bolt, B. A. and Abrahamson, N. A. (1982).
New attenuation relations for peak and expected accelerations of
strong ground motion.
<em>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</em>, <b>72</b>,
2307–2321.
</p>
<p>Bolt B. A. and Abrahamson, N. A. (1983).
Reply to W. B. Joyner & D. M. Boore's “Comments on: New
attenuation relations for peak and expected accelerations for peak
and expected accelerations of strong ground motion”,
<em>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</em>, <b>73</b>,
1481–1483.
</p>
<p>Brillinger, D. R. and Preisler, H. K. (1984).
An exploratory analysis of the Joyner-Boore attenuation data,
<em>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</em>, <b>74</b>,
1441–1449.
</p>
<p>Brillinger, D. R. and Preisler, H. K. (1984).
<em>Further analysis of the Joyner-Boore attenuation data</em>.
Manuscript.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(graphics)
## check the data class of the variables
sapply(attenu, data.class)
summary(attenu)
pairs(attenu, main = "attenu data")
coplot(accel ~ dist | as.factor(event), data = attenu, show.given = FALSE)
coplot(log(accel) ~ log(dist) | as.factor(event),
data = attenu, panel = panel.smooth, show.given = FALSE)
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>graphics<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">## check the data class of the variables</span>
sapply<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attenu<span class="token punctuation">,</span> data.class<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
summary<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attenu<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
pairs<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attenu<span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"attenu data"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
coplot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>accel <span class="token operator">~</span> dist <span class="token operator">|</span> as.factor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>event<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> data <span class="token operator">=</span> attenu<span class="token punctuation">,</span> show.given <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
coplot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>log<span class="token punctuation">(</span>accel<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">~</span> log<span class="token punctuation">(</span>dist<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> as.factor<span class="token punctuation">(</span>event<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
data <span class="token operator">=</span> attenu<span class="token punctuation">,</span> panel <span class="token operator">=</span> panel.smooth<span class="token punctuation">,</span> show.given <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token boolean">FALSE</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="attitude"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#attitude" class="help-page-title"><h2>The Chatterjee–Price Attitude Data</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>From a survey of the clerical employees of a large financial
organization, the data are aggregated from the questionnaires of the
approximately 35 employees for each of 30 (randomly selected)
departments. The numbers give the percent proportion of favourable
responses to seven questions in each department.</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">attitude</code><code class="language-r">attitude</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>A data frame with 30 observations on 7 variables. The first column are
the short names from the reference, the second one the variable names
in the data frame:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
Y </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> rating </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Overall rating </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
X[1] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> complaints</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Handling of employee complaints </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
X[2] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> privileges</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Does not allow special privileges </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
X[3] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> learning </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Opportunity to learn </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
X[4] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> raises </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Raises based on performance </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
X[5] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> critical </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Too critical </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">
X[6] </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> advance </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> numeric </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Advancement</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>Chatterjee, S. and Price, B. (1977)
<em>Regression Analysis by Example</em>.
New York: Wiley.
(Section 3.7, p.68ff of 2nd ed.(1991).)
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(stats); require(graphics)
pairs(attitude, main = "attitude data")
summary(attitude)
summary(fm1 <- lm(rating ~ ., data = attitude))
opar <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), oma = c(0, 0, 1.1, 0),
mar = c(4.1, 4.1, 2.1, 1.1))
plot(fm1)
summary(fm2 <- lm(rating ~ complaints, data = attitude))
plot(fm2)
par(opar)
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>stats<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>graphics<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
pairs<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attitude<span class="token punctuation">,</span> main <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"attitude data"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
summary<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attitude<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
summary<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fm1 <span class="token operator"><-</span> lm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>rating <span class="token operator">~</span> .<span class="token punctuation">,</span> data <span class="token operator">=</span> attitude<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
opar <span class="token operator"><-</span> par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>mfrow <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> oma <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1.1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
mar <span class="token operator">=</span> c<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">4.1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">4.1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">2.1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1.1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fm1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
summary<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fm2 <span class="token operator"><-</span> lm<span class="token punctuation">(</span>rating <span class="token operator">~</span> complaints<span class="token punctuation">,</span> data <span class="token operator">=</span> attitude<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
plot<span class="token punctuation">(</span>fm2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
par<span class="token punctuation">(</span>opar<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="austres"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#austres" class="help-page-title"><h2>
Quarterly Time Series of the Number of Australian Residents
</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Numbers (in thousands) of Australian residents measured quarterly from
March 1971 to March 1994. The object is of class <code>"ts"</code>.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">austres</code><code class="language-r">austres</code></pre>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>P. J. Brockwell and R. A. Davis (1996)
<em>Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting.</em>
Springer
</p>
<hr>
</div></div>
<div class="container manual-page" id="beavers"><div class="page-main">
<a href="#beavers" class="help-page-title"><h2>Body Temperature Series of Two Beavers</h2></a>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Reynolds (1994) describes a small part of a study of the long-term
temperature dynamics of beaver <em>Castor canadensis</em> in
north-central Wisconsin. Body temperature was measured by telemetry
every 10 minutes for four females, but data from a one period of
less than a day for each of two animals is used there.
</p>
<h3>Usage</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">beaver1
beaver2
</code><code class="language-r">beaver1
beaver2</code></pre>
<h3>Format</h3>
<p>The <code>beaver1</code> data frame has 114 rows and 4 columns on body
temperature measurements at 10 minute intervals.
</p>
<p>The <code>beaver2</code> data frame has 100 rows and 4 columns on body
temperature measurements at 10 minute intervals.
</p>
<p>The variables are as follows:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>day</dt>
<dd>
<p>Day of observation (in days since the beginning of
1990), December 12–13 (<code>beaver1</code>) and November 3–4
(<code>beaver2</code>).</p>
</dd>
<dt>time</dt>
<dd>
<p>Time of observation, in the form <code>0330</code> for
3:30am</p>
</dd>
<dt>temp</dt>
<dd>
<p>Measured body temperature in degrees Celsius.</p>
</dd>
<dt>activ</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicator of activity outside the retreat.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>Note</h3>
<p>The observation at 22:20 is missing in <code>beaver1</code>.
</p>
<h3>Source</h3>
<p>P. S. Reynolds (1994) Time-series analyses of beaver body
temperatures. Chapter 11 of Lange, N., Ryan, L., Billard, L.,
Brillinger, D., Conquest, L. and Greenhouse, J. eds (1994)
<em>Case Studies in Biometry.</em>
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
</p>
<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre class="language-r"><code class="language-r-input" hidden="hidden">require(graphics)
(yl <- range(beaver1$temp, beaver2$temp))
beaver.plot <- function(bdat, ...) {
nam <- deparse(substitute(bdat))
with(bdat, {
# Hours since start of day:
hours <- time %/% 100 + 24*(day - day[1]) + (time %% 100)/60
plot (hours, temp, type = "l", ...,
main = paste(nam, "body temperature"))
abline(h = 37.5, col = "gray", lty = 2)
is.act <- activ == 1
points(hours[is.act], temp[is.act], col = 2, cex = .8)
})
}
op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 1), mar = c(3, 3, 4, 2), mgp = 0.9 * 2:0)
beaver.plot(beaver1, ylim = yl)
beaver.plot(beaver2, ylim = yl)
par(op)
</code><code class="language-r">require<span class="token punctuation">(</span>graphics<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">(</span>yl <span class="token operator"><-</span> range<span class="token punctuation">(</span>beaver1<span class="token operator">$</span>temp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> beaver2<span class="token operator">$</span>temp<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
beaver.plot <span class="token operator"><-</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bdat<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
nam <span class="token operator"><-</span> deparse<span class="token punctuation">(</span>substitute<span class="token punctuation">(</span>bdat<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
with<span class="token punctuation">(</span>bdat<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token comment"># Hours since start of day:</span>
hours <span class="token operator"><-</span> time <span class="token percent-operator operator">%/%</span> <span class="token number">100</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">24</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>day <span class="token operator">-</span> day<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>time <span class="token percent-operator operator">%%</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">60</span>
plot <span class="token punctuation">(</span>hours<span class="token punctuation">,</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">,</span> type <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"l"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token ellipsis">...</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
main <span class="token operator">=</span> paste<span class="token punctuation">(</span>nam<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"body temperature"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
abline<span class="token punctuation">(</span>h <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">37.5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> col <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"gray"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> lty <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
is.act <span class="token operator"><-</span> activ <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">1</span>