diff --git a/raft/node_test.go b/raft/node_test.go
index 7e0efff008c..2a92b31cbae 100644
--- a/raft/node_test.go
+++ b/raft/node_test.go
@@ -393,7 +393,8 @@ func TestNodeProposeAddDuplicateNode(t *testing.T) {
 // know who is the current leader; node will accept proposal when it knows
 // who is the current leader.
 func TestBlockProposal(t *testing.T) {
-	rn := newTestRawNode(1, 10, 1, newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1)))
+	s := newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1))
+	rn := newTestRawNode(1, 10, 1, s)
 	n := newNode(rn)
 	go n.run()
 	defer n.Stop()
@@ -412,6 +413,9 @@ func TestBlockProposal(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	n.Campaign(context.TODO())
+	rd := <-n.Ready()
+	s.Append(rd.Entries)
+	n.Advance()
 	select {
 	case err := <-errc:
 		if err != nil {
@@ -586,9 +590,14 @@ func TestNodeStart(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	{
+		// Persist vote.
 		rd := <-n.Ready()
 		storage.Append(rd.Entries)
 		n.Advance()
+		// Append empty entry.
+		rd = <-n.Ready()
+		storage.Append(rd.Entries)
+		n.Advance()
 	}
 
 	n.Propose(ctx, []byte("foo"))
@@ -723,8 +732,12 @@ func TestNodeAdvance(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cancel()
 
 	n.Campaign(ctx)
+	// Persist vote.
 	rd := readyWithTimeout(n)
-	// Commit empty entry.
+	storage.Append(rd.Entries)
+	n.Advance()
+	// Append empty entry.
+	rd = readyWithTimeout(n)
 	storage.Append(rd.Entries)
 	n.Advance()
 
@@ -878,9 +891,15 @@ func TestCommitPagination(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cancel()
 	n.Campaign(ctx)
 
+	// Persist vote.
 	rd := readyWithTimeout(n)
 	s.Append(rd.Entries)
 	n.Advance()
+	// Append empty entry.
+	rd = readyWithTimeout(n)
+	s.Append(rd.Entries)
+	n.Advance()
+	// Apply empty entry.
 	rd = readyWithTimeout(n)
 	if len(rd.CommittedEntries) != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 1 (empty) entry, got %d", len(rd.CommittedEntries))
diff --git a/raft/raft.go b/raft/raft.go
index 180a96e9389..16c83e7ec02 100644
--- a/raft/raft.go
+++ b/raft/raft.go
@@ -278,6 +278,14 @@ type raft struct {
 
 	msgs []pb.Message
 
+	// voteSelfOnAdvance is a marker that the local raft node should vote for
+	// itself upon its next call to advance. This is not meant to be the final
+	// approach towards handling self-votes, but it's a useful intermediate
+	// point to get all tests working and to write some additional tests that
+	// demonstrate possible race conditions when self-voting is asynchronous.
+	// This is replaced in a later commit.
+	voteSelfOnAdvance pb.Message
+
 	// the leader id
 	lead uint64
 	// leadTransferee is id of the leader transfer target when its value is not zero.
@@ -616,6 +624,7 @@ func (r *raft) advance(rd Ready) {
 	if !IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) {
 		r.raftLog.stableSnapTo(rd.Snapshot.Metadata.Index)
 	}
+	r.maybeVoteForSelf()
 }
 
 // maybeCommit attempts to advance the commit index. Returns true if
@@ -626,6 +635,22 @@ func (r *raft) maybeCommit() bool {
 	return r.raftLog.maybeCommit(mci, r.Term)
 }
 
+// maybeVoteForSelf attempts to inform a (pre-)candidate node that its
+// vote for itself has been made durable and can now be counted towards
+// the active election, if one is still ongoing. Returns true if the
+// node was informed of a self-vote.
+func (r *raft) maybeVoteForSelf() bool {
+	if r.voteSelfOnAdvance.Type == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	voteMsg := r.voteSelfOnAdvance
+	// NB: Clear the voteSelfOnAdvance marker before calling Step.
+	// Step may re-set the marker and cause us to loop.
+	r.voteSelfOnAdvance = pb.Message{}
+	_ = r.Step(voteMsg)
+	return true
+}
+
 func (r *raft) reset(term uint64) {
 	if r.Term != term {
 		r.Term = term
@@ -840,16 +865,6 @@ func (r *raft) campaign(t CampaignType) {
 		voteMsg = pb.MsgVote
 		term = r.Term
 	}
-	if _, _, res := r.poll(r.id, voteRespMsgType(voteMsg), true); res == quorum.VoteWon {
-		// We won the election after voting for ourselves (which must mean that
-		// this is a single-node cluster). Advance to the next state.
-		if t == campaignPreElection {
-			r.campaign(campaignElection)
-		} else {
-			r.becomeLeader()
-		}
-		return
-	}
 	var ids []uint64
 	{
 		idMap := r.prs.Voters.IDs()
@@ -861,6 +876,7 @@ func (r *raft) campaign(t CampaignType) {
 	}
 	for _, id := range ids {
 		if id == r.id {
+			r.voteSelfOnAdvance = pb.Message{To: id, From: id, Term: term, Type: voteRespMsgType(voteMsg)}
 			continue
 		}
 		r.logger.Infof("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d] sent %s request to %x at term %d",
@@ -870,7 +886,7 @@ func (r *raft) campaign(t CampaignType) {
 		if t == campaignTransfer {
 			ctx = []byte(t)
 		}
-		r.send(pb.Message{Term: term, To: id, Type: voteMsg, Index: r.raftLog.lastIndex(), LogTerm: r.raftLog.lastTerm(), Context: ctx})
+		r.send(pb.Message{To: id, Term: term, Type: voteMsg, Index: r.raftLog.lastIndex(), LogTerm: r.raftLog.lastTerm(), Context: ctx})
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/raft/raft_paper_test.go b/raft/raft_paper_test.go
index 44536c241ab..f954a4a4e2b 100644
--- a/raft/raft_paper_test.go
+++ b/raft/raft_paper_test.go
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ func testNonleaderStartElection(t *testing.T, state StateType) {
 	for i := 1; i < 2*et; i++ {
 		r.tick()
 	}
+	r.maybeVoteForSelf()
 
 	if r.Term != 2 {
 		t.Errorf("term = %d, want 2", r.Term)
@@ -218,6 +219,7 @@ func TestLeaderElectionInOneRoundRPC(t *testing.T) {
 		r := newTestRaft(1, 10, 1, newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(idsBySize(tt.size)...)))
 
 		r.Step(pb.Message{From: 1, To: 1, Type: pb.MsgHup})
+		r.maybeVoteForSelf()
 		for id, vote := range tt.votes {
 			r.Step(pb.Message{From: id, To: 1, Term: r.Term, Type: pb.MsgVoteResp, Reject: !vote})
 		}
diff --git a/raft/raft_test.go b/raft/raft_test.go
index 6563b174899..5e416003f39 100644
--- a/raft/raft_test.go
+++ b/raft/raft_test.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ func mustAppendEntry(r *raft, ents ...pb.Entry) {
 type stateMachine interface {
 	Step(m pb.Message) error
 	readMessages() []pb.Message
+	maybeVoteForSelf() bool
 }
 
 func (r *raft) readMessages() []pb.Message {
@@ -382,6 +383,7 @@ func TestLearnerPromotion(t *testing.T) {
 	setRandomizedElectionTimeout(n1, n1.electionTimeout)
 	for i := 0; i < n1.electionTimeout; i++ {
 		n1.tick()
+		n1.maybeVoteForSelf()
 	}
 
 	if n1.state != StateLeader {
@@ -403,6 +405,7 @@ func TestLearnerPromotion(t *testing.T) {
 	setRandomizedElectionTimeout(n2, n2.electionTimeout)
 	for i := 0; i < n2.electionTimeout; i++ {
 		n2.tick()
+		n2.maybeVoteForSelf()
 	}
 
 	nt.send(pb.Message{From: 2, To: 2, Type: pb.MsgBeat})
@@ -700,6 +703,7 @@ func TestLearnerLogReplication(t *testing.T) {
 	setRandomizedElectionTimeout(n1, n1.electionTimeout)
 	for i := 0; i < n1.electionTimeout; i++ {
 		n1.tick()
+		n1.maybeVoteForSelf()
 	}
 
 	nt.send(pb.Message{From: 1, To: 1, Type: pb.MsgBeat})
@@ -1751,6 +1755,7 @@ func testCandidateResetTerm(t *testing.T, mt pb.MessageType) {
 	c.resetRandomizedElectionTimeout()
 	for i := 0; i < c.randomizedElectionTimeout; i++ {
 		c.tick()
+		c.maybeVoteForSelf()
 	}
 
 	if c.state != StateCandidate {
@@ -1773,6 +1778,90 @@ func testCandidateResetTerm(t *testing.T, mt pb.MessageType) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCandidateSelfVoteAfterLostElection(t *testing.T) {
+	testCandidateSelfVoteAfterLostElection(t, false)
+}
+
+func TestCandidateSelfVoteAfterLostElectionPreVote(t *testing.T) {
+	testCandidateSelfVoteAfterLostElection(t, true)
+}
+
+func testCandidateSelfVoteAfterLostElection(t *testing.T, preVote bool) {
+	sm := newTestRaft(1, 5, 1, newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1, 2, 3)))
+	sm.preVote = preVote
+
+	// n1 calls an election.
+	sm.Step(pb.Message{From: 1, To: 1, Type: pb.MsgHup})
+	voteMsg := sm.voteSelfOnAdvance
+
+	// n1 hears that n2 already won the election before it has had a
+	// change to sync its vote to disk and account for its self-vote.
+	// Becomes a follower.
+	sm.Step(pb.Message{From: 2, To: 1, Term: sm.Term, Type: pb.MsgHeartbeat})
+	if sm.state != StateFollower {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StateFollower)
+	}
+
+	// n1 remains a follower even after its self-vote is delivered.
+	sm.Step(voteMsg)
+	if sm.state != StateFollower {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StateFollower)
+	}
+
+	// Its self-vote does not make its way to its ProgressTracker.
+	granted, _, _ := sm.prs.TallyVotes()
+	if granted != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("granted = %v, want %v", granted, 0)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCandidateDeliversPreCandidateSelfVoteAfterBecomingCandidate(t *testing.T) {
+	sm := newTestRaft(1, 5, 1, newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1, 2, 3)))
+	sm.preVote = true
+
+	// n1 calls an election.
+	sm.Step(pb.Message{From: 1, To: 1, Type: pb.MsgHup})
+	preVoteMsg := sm.voteSelfOnAdvance
+	if sm.state != StatePreCandidate {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StatePreCandidate)
+	}
+
+	// n1 receives pre-candidate votes from both other peers before
+	// voting for itself. n1 becomes a candidate.
+	// NB: pre-vote messages carry the local term + 1.
+	sm.Step(pb.Message{From: 2, To: 1, Term: sm.Term + 1, Type: pb.MsgPreVoteResp})
+	sm.Step(pb.Message{From: 3, To: 1, Term: sm.Term + 1, Type: pb.MsgPreVoteResp})
+	if sm.state != StateCandidate {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StateCandidate)
+	}
+
+	// n1 remains a candidate even after its delayed pre-vote self-vote is
+	// delivered.
+	sm.Step(preVoteMsg)
+	voteMsg := sm.voteSelfOnAdvance
+	if sm.state != StateCandidate {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StateCandidate)
+	}
+
+	// Its pre-vote self-vote does not make its way to its ProgressTracker.
+	granted, _, _ := sm.prs.TallyVotes()
+	if granted != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("granted = %v, want %v", granted, 0)
+	}
+
+	// A single vote from n2 does not move n1 to the leader.
+	sm.Step(pb.Message{From: 2, To: 1, Term: sm.Term, Type: pb.MsgVoteResp})
+	if sm.state != StateCandidate {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StateCandidate)
+	}
+
+	// n1 becomes the leader once its self-vote is received.
+	sm.Step(voteMsg)
+	if sm.state != StateLeader {
+		t.Errorf("state = %v, want %v", sm.state, StateLeader)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestLeaderStepdownWhenQuorumActive(t *testing.T) {
 	sm := newTestRaft(1, 5, 1, newTestMemoryStorage(withPeers(1, 2, 3)))
 
@@ -3382,11 +3471,15 @@ func testCampaignWhileLeader(t *testing.T, preVote bool) {
 	// We don't call campaign() directly because it comes after the check
 	// for our current state.
 	r.Step(pb.Message{From: 1, To: 1, Type: pb.MsgHup})
+	for r.maybeVoteForSelf() {
+	}
 	if r.state != StateLeader {
 		t.Errorf("expected single-node election to become leader but got %s", r.state)
 	}
 	term := r.Term
 	r.Step(pb.Message{From: 1, To: 1, Type: pb.MsgHup})
+	for r.maybeVoteForSelf() {
+	}
 	if r.state != StateLeader {
 		t.Errorf("expected to remain leader but got %s", r.state)
 	}
@@ -4754,6 +4847,8 @@ func (nw *network) send(msgs ...pb.Message) {
 			nw.t.Log(DescribeMessage(m, nil))
 		}
 		p.Step(m)
+		for p.maybeVoteForSelf() {
+		}
 		msgs = append(msgs[1:], nw.filter(p.readMessages())...)
 	}
 }
@@ -4820,6 +4915,7 @@ type blackHole struct{}
 
 func (blackHole) Step(pb.Message) error      { return nil }
 func (blackHole) readMessages() []pb.Message { return nil }
+func (blackHole) maybeVoteForSelf() bool     { return false }
 
 var nopStepper = &blackHole{}
 
diff --git a/raft/rawnode_test.go b/raft/rawnode_test.go
index aa48f567554..62d6bd6fdd6 100644
--- a/raft/rawnode_test.go
+++ b/raft/rawnode_test.go
@@ -490,6 +490,10 @@ func TestRawNodeJointAutoLeave(t *testing.T) {
 	rd = rawNode.Ready()
 	t.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
 	s.Append(rd.Entries)
+	rawNode.Advance(rd)
+	rd = rawNode.Ready()
+	t.Log(DescribeReady(rd, nil))
+	s.Append(rd.Entries)
 	// Check that the right ConfChange comes out.
 	if len(rd.Entries) != 1 || rd.Entries[0].Type != pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected exactly one more entry, got %+v", rd)
@@ -743,11 +747,14 @@ func TestRawNodeStart(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected ready: %+v", rawNode.Ready())
 	}
 	rawNode.Campaign()
+	rd := rawNode.Ready()
+	storage.Append(rd.Entries)
+	rawNode.Advance(rd)
 	rawNode.Propose([]byte("foo"))
 	if !rawNode.HasReady() {
 		t.Fatal("expected a Ready")
 	}
-	rd := rawNode.Ready()
+	rd = rawNode.Ready()
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(entries, rd.Entries) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected to see entries\n%s, not\n%s", DescribeEntries(entries, nil), DescribeEntries(rd.Entries, nil))
 	}
@@ -861,6 +868,9 @@ func TestRawNodeStatus(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := rn.Campaign(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+	rd := rn.Ready()
+	s.Append(rd.Entries)
+	rn.Advance(rd)
 	status := rn.Status()
 	if status.Lead != 1 {
 		t.Fatal("not lead")
diff --git a/raft/testdata/campaign.txt b/raft/testdata/campaign.txt
index c5deb2dc182..4eefab36d6b 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/campaign.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/campaign.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
-INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
 INFO 1 [logterm: 1, index: 2] sent MsgVote request to 2 at term 1
 INFO 1 [logterm: 1, index: 2] sent MsgVote request to 3 at term 1
 
@@ -31,6 +30,8 @@ stabilize
   Messages:
   1->2 MsgVote Term:1 Log:1/2
   1->3 MsgVote Term:1 Log:1/2
+  INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+  INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 > 2 receiving messages
   1->2 MsgVote Term:1 Log:1/2
   INFO 2 [term: 0] received a MsgVote message with higher term from 1 [term: 1]
diff --git a/raft/testdata/campaign_learner_must_vote.txt b/raft/testdata/campaign_learner_must_vote.txt
index 55d42aa436e..14530b556fe 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/campaign_learner_must_vote.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/campaign_learner_must_vote.txt
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ campaign 2
 ----
 INFO 2 is starting a new election at term 1
 INFO 2 became candidate at term 2
-INFO 2 received MsgVoteResp from 2 at term 2
 INFO 2 [logterm: 1, index: 4] sent MsgVote request to 1 at term 2
 INFO 2 [logterm: 1, index: 4] sent MsgVote request to 3 at term 2
 
@@ -67,6 +66,8 @@ HardState Term:2 Vote:2 Commit:4
 Messages:
 2->1 MsgVote Term:2 Log:1/4
 2->3 MsgVote Term:2 Log:1/4
+INFO 2 received MsgVoteResp from 2 at term 2
+INFO 2 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 
 # n2 is now campaigning while n1 is down (does not respond). The latest config
 # has n3 as a voter, but n3 doesn't even have the corresponding conf change in
diff --git a/raft/testdata/confchange_v1_add_single.txt b/raft/testdata/confchange_v1_add_single.txt
index cd07af47944..89bb2b9831c 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/confchange_v1_add_single.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/confchange_v1_add_single.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,14 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
+
+process-ready 1
+----
+Ready MustSync=true:
+Lead:0 State:StateCandidate
+HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
 INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 INFO 1 became leader at term 1
 
 # Add v2 (with an auto transition).
@@ -35,7 +42,6 @@ stabilize
 > 1 handling Ready
   Ready MustSync=true:
   Lead:1 State:StateLeader
-  HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
   Entries:
   1/3 EntryNormal ""
   1/4 EntryConfChange v2
diff --git a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_auto.txt b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_auto.txt
index 0979bdd6abf..5b91716dfe6 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_auto.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_auto.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,14 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
+
+process-ready 1
+----
+Ready MustSync=true:
+Lead:0 State:StateCandidate
+HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
 INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 INFO 1 became leader at term 1
 
 propose-conf-change 1 transition=auto
@@ -36,7 +43,6 @@ process-ready 1
 ----
 Ready MustSync=true:
 Lead:1 State:StateLeader
-HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
 Entries:
 1/3 EntryNormal ""
 1/4 EntryConfChangeV2 v2 v3
diff --git a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_implicit.txt b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_implicit.txt
index 45dfc5099b9..7484d7c876f 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_implicit.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_double_implicit.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,14 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
+
+process-ready 1
+----
+Ready MustSync=true:
+Lead:0 State:StateCandidate
+HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
 INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 INFO 1 became leader at term 1
 
 propose-conf-change 1 transition=implicit
@@ -38,7 +45,6 @@ stabilize 1 2
 > 1 handling Ready
   Ready MustSync=true:
   Lead:1 State:StateLeader
-  HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
   Entries:
   1/3 EntryNormal ""
   1/4 EntryConfChangeV2 v2
diff --git a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_auto.txt b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_auto.txt
index 7ee3ab6c33c..52e80ae52c3 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_auto.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_auto.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,14 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
+
+process-ready 1
+----
+Ready MustSync=true:
+Lead:0 State:StateCandidate
+HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
 INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 INFO 1 became leader at term 1
 
 # Add v2 (with an auto transition).
@@ -36,7 +43,6 @@ stabilize
 > 1 handling Ready
   Ready MustSync=true:
   Lead:1 State:StateLeader
-  HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
   Entries:
   1/3 EntryNormal ""
   1/4 EntryConfChangeV2 v2
diff --git a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_explicit.txt b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_explicit.txt
index b4e6e3a83cd..ec44fa20050 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_explicit.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_add_single_explicit.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,14 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
+
+process-ready 1
+----
+Ready MustSync=true:
+Lead:0 State:StateCandidate
+HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
 INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 INFO 1 became leader at term 1
 
 # Add v2 with an explicit transition.
@@ -36,7 +43,6 @@ stabilize 1 2
 > 1 handling Ready
   Ready MustSync=true:
   Lead:1 State:StateLeader
-  HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:2
   Entries:
   1/3 EntryNormal ""
   1/4 EntryConfChangeV2 v2
diff --git a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_replace_leader.txt b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_replace_leader.txt
index be7b573cbaa..94892e2ba39 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_replace_leader.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/confchange_v2_replace_leader.txt
@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ stabilize
   INFO 4 [term 1] received MsgTimeoutNow from 1 and starts an election to get leadership.
   INFO 4 is starting a new election at term 1
   INFO 4 became candidate at term 2
-  INFO 4 received MsgVoteResp from 4 at term 2
   INFO 4 [logterm: 1, index: 4] sent MsgVote request to 1 at term 2
   INFO 4 [logterm: 1, index: 4] sent MsgVote request to 2 at term 2
   INFO 4 [logterm: 1, index: 4] sent MsgVote request to 3 at term 2
@@ -197,6 +196,8 @@ stabilize
   4->1 MsgVote Term:2 Log:1/4
   4->2 MsgVote Term:2 Log:1/4
   4->3 MsgVote Term:2 Log:1/4
+  INFO 4 received MsgVoteResp from 4 at term 2
+  INFO 4 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 > 1 receiving messages
   4->1 MsgVote Term:2 Log:1/4
   INFO 1 [term: 1] received a MsgVote message with higher term from 4 [term: 2]
diff --git a/raft/testdata/probe_and_replicate.txt b/raft/testdata/probe_and_replicate.txt
index bebae6ef9c8..8e61b618707 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/probe_and_replicate.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/probe_and_replicate.txt
@@ -357,7 +357,6 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 7
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 8
-INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 8
 INFO 1 [logterm: 6, index: 20] sent MsgVote request to 2 at term 8
 INFO 1 [logterm: 6, index: 20] sent MsgVote request to 3 at term 8
 INFO 1 [logterm: 6, index: 20] sent MsgVote request to 4 at term 8
@@ -379,6 +378,8 @@ stabilize 1
   1->5 MsgVote Term:8 Log:6/20
   1->6 MsgVote Term:8 Log:6/20
   1->7 MsgVote Term:8 Log:6/20
+  INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 8
+  INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
 
 stabilize 2 3 4 5 6 7
 ----
diff --git a/raft/testdata/single_node.txt b/raft/testdata/single_node.txt
index 3b6e4f4c1dd..f6aceb712ff 100644
--- a/raft/testdata/single_node.txt
+++ b/raft/testdata/single_node.txt
@@ -12,15 +12,19 @@ campaign 1
 ----
 INFO 1 is starting a new election at term 0
 INFO 1 became candidate at term 1
-INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
-INFO 1 became leader at term 1
 
 stabilize
 ----
 > 1 handling Ready
   Ready MustSync=true:
-  Lead:1 State:StateLeader
+  Lead:0 State:StateCandidate
   HardState Term:1 Vote:1 Commit:3
+  INFO 1 received MsgVoteResp from 1 at term 1
+  INFO 1 has received 1 MsgVoteResp votes and 0 vote rejections
+  INFO 1 became leader at term 1
+> 1 handling Ready
+  Ready MustSync=true:
+  Lead:1 State:StateLeader
   Entries:
   1/4 EntryNormal ""
 > 1 handling Ready