From e68fddfdadfac2b8913e013c72c6485225243747 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Aaron Cole Date: Tue, 29 May 2018 15:48:12 +1200 Subject: [PATCH] PTDB-31 : Removing the references to content.niwa and replacing with file templates of the data --- app/components/app/page/PageView.js | 91 +- app/templates/content_about.html | 68 + app/templates/content_attributes.html | 1544 ++++++++++++++++++++++ app/templates/content_contact.html | 19 + app/templates/content_palaeotsunami.html | 150 +++ app/templates/content_sources.html | 61 + app/templates/content_travel.html | 86 ++ app/templates/content_usage.html | 61 + app/templates/not_found.html | 1 + 9 files changed, 2068 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) create mode 100644 app/templates/content_about.html create mode 100644 app/templates/content_attributes.html create mode 100644 app/templates/content_contact.html create mode 100644 app/templates/content_palaeotsunami.html create mode 100644 app/templates/content_sources.html create mode 100644 app/templates/content_travel.html create mode 100644 app/templates/content_usage.html create mode 100644 app/templates/not_found.html diff --git a/app/components/app/page/PageView.js b/app/components/app/page/PageView.js index cdc7480..c896dbc 100644 --- a/app/components/app/page/PageView.js +++ b/app/components/app/page/PageView.js @@ -2,12 +2,28 @@ define([ 'jquery', 'underscore', 'backbone', 'text!./page.html', 'text!./pageContent.html', - 'text!templates/loading.html' + 'text!templates/loading.html', + 'text!templates/content_about.html', + 'text!templates/content_usage.html', + 'text!templates/content_contact.html', + 'text!templates/content_attributes.html', + 'text!templates/not_found.html', + 'text!templates/content_palaeotsunami.html', + 'text!templates/content_sources.html', + 'text!templates/content_travel.html', ], function ( $, _, Backbone, template, templateContent, - templateLoading + templateLoading, + templateContentAbout, + templateContentUsage, + templateContentContact, + templateContentAttributes, + templateNotFound, + templateContentPalaeotsunami, + templateContentSources, + templateContentTravel, ) { var PageView = Backbone.View.extend({ @@ -38,17 +54,66 @@ define([ t:this.model.getLabels() })) if (this.model.hasActivePage()) { - var that = this - page.getContent(function(content){ - that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContent)({ - t:that.model.getLabels(), - })) - that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') - that.$('.placeholder-content').html(content) - if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { - that.$el.scrollTop(0) - } - }) + console.log('this should be trying to load a new page, all bow', this.model.attributes.pageId); + var that = this + switch (this.model.attributes.pageId) { + case "about": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentAbout)({ })) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + case "attributes": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentAttributes)({ })) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + case "usage": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentUsage)({ })) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + case "contact": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentContact)({ })) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + case "palaeotsunami": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentPalaeotsunami)({})) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + case "sources": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentSources)({})) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + case "travel": + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateContentTravel)({})) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + default: + that.$('.page-outer').html(_.template(templateNotFound)({ })) + that.$('.page-outer').removeClass('loading') + if (that.model.getPageAnchor() === "") { + that.$el.scrollTop(0) + } + break; + } } } else { diff --git a/app/templates/content_about.html b/app/templates/content_about.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5af07ca --- /dev/null +++ b/app/templates/content_about.html @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ + + + +
+
+
+
+
+

New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database

+

The + New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database (Database) brings together all known information about + tsunamis that occurred prior to written records.

+

The purpose of this Database is to increase awareness of New Zealand's tsunami hazard and facilitate + processing and analysis of palaeotsunami information. It consolidates a wide range of published and + unpublished research contributions from a range of institutions and science providers, both domestic + and overseas, on palaeotsunamis in Aotearoa-New Zealand. The Database is based on the work of former + NIWA earth scientist, Professor James Goff of the University of New South Wales, Australia; and is + provided by the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) and the Ministry + for Civil Defence and Emergency Management (MCDEM) (together, the Providers) + + 1 + . This information is freely available to you.

+

Each line of data in the Database summarises the evidence related to one site under a series of headings + including physical evidence from geological and archaeological sources as well as cultural information + from anthropological and cross-disciplinary studies. The Database currently contains 429 line items + and most likely describes more than 50 palaeotsunami events. Data include: site information, nature + of the evidence, chronology and dating techniques, maximum water heights, horizontal inundation distances, + sources and supporting meta-data for specific locations. The Database is not intended to be complete + however, rather as research progresses iterations will be made to remove erroneous data and add new + data.

+

When quoting, citing or distributing data from the Database, please cite the following reference: New + Zealand Palaeotsunami Database. 2017. + https://ptdb.niwa.co.nz [Access Date].

+

Website data updated 28 May 2018.

+

Contributors

+

The Providers acknowledge the contribution of the following to the Database:

+ +

+ PTDB logos +

+
+

+ 1. All proprietary rights (including all intellectual property rights) in, or associated with the + Information are, and shall remain, vested solely in the Providers (or any other relevant third + party who has contributed Information for which the Providers act as custodian). + ↩ + +

+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/app/templates/content_attributes.html b/app/templates/content_attributes.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..694330f --- /dev/null +++ b/app/templates/content_attributes.html @@ -0,0 +1,1544 @@ + + + +
+
+
+
+
+

Framework and Attributes

+
+

The framework for the New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database (Database) is based on a series of key + data attributes which help to clarify the nature of the published and unpublished data. These + attributes are defined below.

+
+
+
+ +
+

Record

+
+ +
+ + +
+

+ ID +

+

Record identification number.

+

Database column name: + id +

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

Site

+
+ +

Attributes related to the record's location

+ +
+ + +
+

+ Region +

+

Council region, district or offshore location where site is situated.

+

Database column name: + location_region +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Location +

+

Site specific location.

+

Database column name: + location_site +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Latitude +

+

Site location latitude using decimal degrees. (4 decimal places)

+

Database column name: + latitude +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Longitude +

+

Site location longitude using decimal degrees. (4 decimal places)

+

Database column name: + longitude +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Site status +

+

State of the physical evidence at a site.

+

Database column name: + sitestatus +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Physical characteristics +

+

Brief description of main physical characteristics of event at the site. + If the site record relates to a Pūrākau [oral record] then this entry + simply reads 'Pūrākau'.

+

Database column name: + physical_characteristics +

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

Time

+
+ +

Attributes related to the estimated time of deposition

+ +
+ + +
+

+ Classification +

+

Classification based on estimated time period. Prehistoric means pre-written + record.

+

Database column name: + classification +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
Prehistoric BCbefore 0 + Prehistoric BC +
Prehistoric AD0 - 1800 AD + Prehistoric AD +
Historical1800 AD and later + Historical +
Unknown + Unknown +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Date, earliest +

+

Earliest date. Earliest date of site specific event based upon chronological + data from that site. Negative numbers refer to a year BC.

+

Database column name: + date_min +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Date, latest +

+

Latest date. Latest date of site specific event based solely upon chronological + data from that site. Negative numbers refer to a year BC.

+

Database column name: + date_max +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Inferred date, earliest +

+

Inferred earliest date of site specific source event. The inferred earliest + date may involve cross-correlation with other sites in the database, + rather than being based solely on chronological data from that site. + Negative numbers refer to a year BC.

+

Database column name: + inferred_date_range_min +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Inferred date, latest +

+

Inferred latest date of site specific source event. This inferred latest + date may involve cross-correlation with other sites in the database, + rather than being based solely on chronological data from that site. + Negative numbers refer to a year BC.

+

Database column name: + inferred_date_range_max +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Age, maximum +

+

Maximum age (oldest) of site specific event based solely upon chronological + data from that site. For AD time scale numbers are year AD. For BP + time scale numbers are 'age' relative to year 2000 AD. Note: Database + only, web application uses 'Date' attributes instead.

+

Database column name: + age_max +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Age, minimum +

+

Minimum age (youngest) of site specific event based solely upon chronological + data from that site. For AD time scale numbers are year AD. For BP + time scale numbers are 'age' relative to year 2000 AD. Note: Database + only, web application uses 'Date' attributes instead.

+

Database column name: + age_min +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Inferred age range +

+

Inferred age range of site specific eventsource. For AD time scale numbers + are year AD. For BP time scale numbers are 'age' relative to year + 2000 AD. Note: Database only, web application uses 'Inferred date' + attributes instead.

+

Database column name: + inferred_age_range +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Time scale +

+

Time scale qualifier for age columns. Note: Database only, not used in + web application.

+

Database column name: + time_scale_age +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
ADFrom present day to AD 0. + AD +
BPStarting from 2000 BP (AD 0). BP is an abbreviation for + Calendar years BP and represents a calibrated age + or age range. + BP +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

Meta

+
+ +

Attributes characterising the record by meta data

+ +
+ + +
+

+ Validity +

+

Validity - Excellent, Moderate or Poor. Based upon number of palaeotsunami + criteria. For historical data the number of criteria is less + important, hence they are called 'palaeotsunami criteria'. For + historical events it largely relates to the perceived or actual + validity of the historical source, although criteria are listed.

+

Database column name: + validity +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
ExcellentRecord satisfies 9 or more palaeotsunami criteria. + Excellent (9+ criteria) +
ModerateRecord satisfies between 5 and 8 palaeotsunami criteria. + Moderate (5-8 criteria) +
PoorRecord satisfies between 1 and 4 palaeotsunami criteria. + Poor (1-4 criteria) +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Nature of evidence +

+

Nature of evidence - Primary, Secondary or Cultural. Primary evidence + includes data derived from geological and/or archeaological sources. + Secondary evidence includes physical data, but in the form of + the immediate and/or delayed geomorphic response to tsunami inundation. + Cultural evidence includes anthropological interpretations of + archeaological data, such as the relocation of settlements from + low-lying coastal areas to hill-tops aroundthe same time as tsunami + inundation, as well as the experiences contained within Māori + oral traditions that reference the impacts from great waves caused + by storms and supernatural phenomena causing death and peril + for people lving near the water.

+

Database column name: + natureofevidence +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
PrimarySedimentary/Artefactual + Primary +
SecondaryGeomorphic + Secondary +
CulturalAnthropological/Pūrākau [Oral record] + Cultural +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Nature of evidence (description) +

+

Nature of evidence description - Sedimentary/Artefactual, Geomorphic, + Anthropological/Pūrākau [Oral record]. Note: Database only, not + used in web application.

+

Database column name: + natureofevidencedesc +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Dating technique +

+

Dating technique - Geological, Historical or Inferred. Establishing + the chronology for past tsunamis is challenging and multiple + techniques are currently used. The database contains three broad + categories of dating technique: geochronological (radiocarbon, + dendrochronology, sediment acculumation, pollen, among others), + historical (used for hybrid cases only) and inferred (mainly + for Māori oral traditions). Each record provides specific details + of techniques and results at the end of the line, and in the + references provided. The results of chronological analyses range + from the annual dating of an event through to poorly constrained + multi-century accuracy.

+

Database column name: + datingtechnique +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
GeologicalChronology established using one or more of a suite + of 'Geo' dating techniques, these are often detailed + in the Geodating technique column with additional + details sometimes provided in 'Additional comment'. + Geological data +
HistoricalHistorical data. + Historical data +
InferredIf this relates to a Pūrākau (oral record) then it + is assumed to be most probably post-Māori occupation + and pre-European arrival and unless otherwise + stated is given an 'Inferred date range' of AD + 1250-1800. + Inferred +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Geodating technique +

+

Geodating technique. Please refer to the relevant publication for + more details.

+

Database column name: + geodatingtechnique +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDatabase value
Archaeological information + Archaeological information +
Cs137 + Cs137 +
Geochem + Geochem +
Trace element geochemistry + Trace element geochemistry +
Dendrochronology + Dendrochronology +
First appearance of a variety of exotic pollens + First appearance of a variety of exotic pollens +
Optically Stimulated Luminescence + Optically Stimulated Luminescence +
Radiocarbon + Radiocarbon +
Sediment Accumulation Rates + Sediment Accumulation Rates +
Stratigraphic Correlation + Stratigraphic Correlation +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Additional comment +

+

Additional comments generally relate to chronological information, + but can also highlight possible linkages with other similarly-aged + sites. Additional references are cited in the comments + section to assist the database user if they wish to search further. + There is occasionally reference to 'C14 yr BP' which is an uncalibrated, + Conventional Radiocarbon Age. If needed, the database user should + refer to the relevant publication for more details.

+

Database column name: + eventcomment +

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

Metrics

+
+ +

Attributes quantifying the record

+ +
+ + +
+

+ Elevation +

+

Proxy for minimum runup height. Inferred elevation of deposit + in metres above mean sea level at the estimated time of deposition, + where available.

+

Database column name: + elevation +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Elevation (comment) +

+

If elevation data are unclear or need further explanation then + a comment is inserted. In most cases an elevation range is + suggested or the information is questioned ('?' or an elevation + followed by '?'). If needed, the database user should refer + to the relevant publication for more details.

+

Database column name: + elevation_comment +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Landward limit +

+

Estimated minimum landward limit: Distance inland from the coastline + in metres at the time of deposition, where available. In + many cases by necessity this estimate relates to the contemporary + coastline as and such the database user should refer to the + relevant publication for more details.

+

Database column name: + est_min_landward_limit +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Landward limit (comment) +

+

Where a notable query exists concerning estimated minimum landward + limits this is noted. Usually with a distance in metres preceded + by either '~', '>', or followed by '?' or simply marked + by '?'.

+

Database column name: + est_min_landward_limit_comment +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Deposit thickness +

+

The inferred maximum thickness in metres, where a deposit is + present and data are available. This is an inferred thickness + because post-depositional erosion and/or complaction may + have occurred.

+

Database column name: + thickness +

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

Source

+
+ +

Attributes describing the record's event source

+ +
+ + +
+

+ Source cause +

+

This is the inferred tsunamigenic source mechanism. + The inferred source is usually linked to a possible location + or locations. Inferences are based upon our current understanding + of possible tsunamigenic sources capable of producing + the reported evidence. These should be seen as a general + guide and will, in many cases, be amended as our understanding + of tsunami sources improves, and the database is used + by a growing number of researchers.

+

Database column name: + source_cause +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
EarthquakeEarthquake/fault rupture + Quake +
LandslideAssociated with earthquake/fault rupture/slope + failure + Slide +
Volcanic eruption + Eruption +
Flank collapseVolcanic slope failure + Flank collapse +
Pyroclastic flowAssociated with volcanic activity + Pyroclastic flow +
GeyserAssociated with geothermal activity + Geyser +
BolideMeteorite/Asteroid impact + Bolide +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Source cause (comment) +

+

Where given, this provides some additional information concerning + the source cause. For example a qualifier (e.g. Meteorite), + or suggestions of possible alternative sources (e.g. + could relate to more local sources).

+

Database column name: + source_cause_comment +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Source certainty +

+

Where a source is given this applies to the degree of certainty + for the source estimation.

+

Database column name: + sourcecertainty +

+ +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LabelDescriptionDatabase value
InferredAlmost exclusively related to palaeotsunamis + – while in many cases there is a strong + likelihood that the inferred source is + correct, there are no weightings given. + Inferred +
KnownInvariably relates to historical events. + Known +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Source location +

+

Where possible, a local, regional or distant source location + is given. The source location can range from specific + (e.g. Kerepahi fault) to general (e.g. South America). + It is either based upon tsunamigenic evidence provided + in relevant publication(s) and/or in association with + other possible related sites or similar records noted + in the database.

+

Database column name: + source_location +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Source latitude +

+

Source location latitude using decimal degrees. While 4 decimal + places are given, it normally refers to a general point + source location delimited to one or two decimal places + since most of the known or inferred sources are linear + fault ruptures. In essence, the point identifies the + general fault zone.

+

Database column name: + source_lat +

+ + +
+ + + +
+

+ Source longitude +

+

Source location longitude using decimal degrees. While 4 + decimal places are given, it normally refers to a general + point source location delimited to one or two decimal + places since most of the known or inferred sources are + linear fault ruptures. In essence, the point identifies + the general fault zone.

+

Database column name: + source_lon +

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+

Proxies & References

+
+ +
+ + +
+

+ Record proxies +

+

A list of numbered palaeotsunami criteria based on 'diagnostic + criteria'. The criteria were developed through a + series of published iterations (and hence the database + has been designed to allow this list to grow over + time). For more details refer to: Chagué-Goff et + al. (2011), Goff et al. (2001, 2010, 2012), Goff + & McFadgen (2003), McFadgen & Goff (2007) + and Morton et al. (2007).

+

Database column name: + proxies +

+ + +

Values

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
ProxyDescription
1Particle/grain sizes range from boulders + (may be 750 m3 or larger) to fine + mud. A tsunami will usually transport + whatever size ranges are available + – it is sediment source dependent
2Sediments generally fine inland and upwards + within the deposit, but can also + have a coarsening upwards component + associated with deposition from a + traction carpet. Deposits generally + rise in altitude and thin inland + and can extend for several km inland + and 10’s or 100’s of km alongshore
3Each wave can form a distinct sedimentary + unit and/or there may be laminated + sub-units
4Distinct lower and upper sub-units representing + runup and backwash can sometimes + be identified. This is unlike storm + or anthropogenic deposits
5Lower contact is usually unconformable + or erosional
6Can contain intraclasts (rip-up clasts) + of reworked material
7Sometimes associated with loading structures + at base of deposit – and can be associated + with liquifaction features on the + ground surface caused by earthquake + groundshaking
8Micro-scale features can include micro-rip-up + clasts, millimetre-scale banding, + organic entrainment, fining-up sequences + and erosive contacts that may be + visible in thin section but not in + field stratigraphy
9Measurement of magnetic fabric (MF) combined + with grain size analysis provides + information on hydrodynamic conditions + ‘typical’ during tsunami deposition. + Essential when no sedimentary structures + are visible. Magnetic properties + of minerals (incl. magnetic susceptibility) + provide information about depositional + environment
10Heavy mineral laminations often present + but source-dependent. Normally near + base of unit/sub-unit but not always. + Composition and vertical distribution + of heavy mineral assemblage may change + from the bottom to top of the deposit + (e.g. often more micas at the top)
11Increases in elemental concentrations + of sodium, sulphur, chlorine (palaeo-salinity + indicators, including element ratios), + calcium, strontium, magnesium (shell, + shell hash and coral), titanium, + zirconium (associated with heavy + mineral laminae if present) occur + in tsunami deposits relative to under- + and overlying sediments. Indicates + saltwater inundation, and/or high + marine shell/coral content, and/or + high energy environment (heavy minerals, + source-dependent). Preservation issues + to be considered in particular for + salt (downward leaching), but uptake + and preservation in wetlands/soils
12Possible contamination by heavy metals + and metalloids (source-dependent, + inc. water depth source)
13Geochemical (saltwater signature) and + microfossil evidence often extends + further inland than landward maximum + extent of sedimentary deposit
14Individual shells and shell-rich units + are often present (shells are often + articulated and can be water-worn). + Often more intact shells as opposed + to shell hash. A wide range of shell + ages is indicative of greater reworking + by a tsunami as opposed to storm + or anthropogenic deposits. Small, + fragile shells and shellfish can + be found at or near the upper surface + of more recent palaeo-tsunami deposits
15Shell, wood and less dense debris often + found "rafted" at or near top of + sequence (increase in organic content + determined by loss on ignition, and + sometimes moisture content)
16Often associated with buried vascular + plant material and/or buried soil + and/or skeletal (non-human) remains
17Generally associated with an increase + in abundance of marine to brackish + diatoms – often a greater percentage + of reworked terrestrial diatoms near + the upper part of the deposit. Large + number of broken valves often observed, + reflecting turbulent flows. Variations + in diatom affinities often indicative + of source areas and magnitude of + event
18Marked changes in foraminifera (and other + marine microfossils, such as dinoflagellates, + nannoliths) assemblages occur. Deeper + water species are introduced – this + is unlikely in storm or anthropogenic + deposits, and/or increase in foraminifera + abundance and breakage of tests. + Composition relates to source (near-shore + vs. offshore). Foraminifera size + tends to vary with grain size
19Pollen concentrations are often lower + (diluted) in the deposit because + of the marine origin and/or include + high percentage of coastal pollen + (e.g. mangroves). Pollen changes + above and below the deposit are often + indicative of sustained environmental + change, a critical ecological threshold + has been crossed – e.g. infilling + or shallowing of coastal wetland
20Archaeological sites – a sediment layer + separating, underlying or overlying + anthropogenic deposits/occupation + layers
21Archaeological middens: changes in shellfish + species/absence of expected species + indicate sudden change in onshore + and nearshore palaeo-environmental + conditions
22Archaeological structures show structural + damage by water to buildings/ foundations + at a site
23Archaeological burial sites have been + reworked, often recognisable as “culturally + inappropriate” burials
24Replication – coastal archaeological + occupation layers and shell middens + are often separated or extensively + reworked at several sites along coastline + giving a regional/national signal + of inundation
25Traditional Environmental Knowledge (oral + traditions) from the locality/region
26Acquired palaeo-geomorphology indicates + tsunami inundation - a tsunami geomorphology + is present that could include evidence + of: i) uplift or subsidence/compaction + of site/locality, ii) scour/erosion/reworking + of sediments at site/locality – altered + dune morphology, iii) sand sheet + or other similar deposits such as + gravel deposition/gravel pavements
27Palaeo-geomorphology at the time of inundation + indicates low likelihood of storm + inundation
28Known local or distant tsunamigenic sources + can be postulated or identified
29Known local and regional palaeo-environmental + drivers indicate low likelihood of + storm inundation
30Replication – similar contemporaneous + coastal deposits are found regionally + giving a regional signal of inundation
+
+ +
+ + + +
+

+ References +

+

Relevant references are listed here. This is not an exhaustive + list but, if needed, the database user should be + able to find additional appropriate references cited + within those provided.

+

Database column name: + references +

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+

Contact

+

The Database welcomes new data through a verification of entries by interested parties, with appropriate + additions and deletions as information becomes available. If you would like to provide feedback, + have a question or report a potential issue please contact: + Palaeotsunami-Info@niwa.co.nz +

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+

Tsunami Sources

+

Tsunami waves are typically caused when an earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption disturbs the ocean + or other body of water.

+

Tsunami Generation

+

Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and bolide (asteroid) impacts can all generate tsunamis.

+

Tsunamis are typically categorised as ‘local source’ (also called ‘near field’) or ’distant source’ (‘far + field’) depending on how far the tsunami travels from its source to where it washes ashore. A distant + source tsunami is one which causes damage or serious effects at locations large distances from the + source region while the effects of a near field or ‘local’ tsunami are close to the tsunami source + region. For example: a tsunami that is triggered by an earthquake off the coast of Peru will be a + local source tsunami for Peru but a distant source for New Zealand.

+

For New Zealand, Power (2013) grouped tsunami sources according to the following definitions:

+
    +
  • Distant source – 3 hours or greater travel time from New Zealand
    • +
  • Regional source – 1–3 hours travel time from New Zealand
    • +
  • Local source – 0–60 minutes travel time to the nearest New Zealand coast
    • +
+

Earthquake-generated tsunamis

+

Tsunamis are generated by earthquakes on faults that cause the sea floor to be either pushed up or pulled + down. ‘Thrust’ or ‘reverse’ faults generally cause sea bed uplift, while ‘normal’ faults generally + cause part of the seafloor to suddenly drop down.

+

The top 5-10 km of the earth’s crust are made up of rigid plates that slowly move around the surface + of the earth. In places where plates are moving together, one plate may be pushed under the other. + This is called ‘subduction’ and regions where this is happening across large areas are called ‘subduction + zones’. Much of the Pacific Ocean is rimmed by subduction zones. This is the so called ‘Ring of Fire’ + known for frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity.

+

+
+ Schematic: Tsunamis caused by earthquakes. +
Figure 1: Tsunamis caused by earthquakes. +
+
+
+

+

Most destructive tsunamis have been caused by thrust earthquakes along subduction zones such as those + found around the Pacific Rim and the Sunda Arc, south and west of Indonesia. Notable recent examples + include the Pacific tsunamis of 1960 (Chile); 1964 (Alaska); 2011 (Japan) and the 2004 Indian Ocean + Tsunami (north Sumatra).

+

Another common way tsunamis are generated is by an “outer-rise earthquake” where normal faulting causes + large-scale, sudden subsidence in the oceanic floor seaward of a subduction zone trench. The 1933 + Sanriku and 2009 Samoa (South Pacific) tsunamis are examples of this type of tsunami.

+

+
+ Image: Location of subduction zones around the Pacific Ocean. +
Figure 2: Location of subduction zones around the Pacific Ocean.
+
+

+

Tsunamis have also been caused through strike-slip faulting where the fault moves the seafloor sideways + rather than up or down. These types of tsunami may well be associated with submarine slumps or landslides + which contribute to the overall strength of the tsunami and its impact.

+

There is a special class of subduction zone thrust-type earthquakes where the tsunami that is formed + is much larger than would be expected based on the earthquake magnitude alone. These events are called + ‘tsunami earthquakes’ (Kanamori, 1972). Generally the earthquake happens on the shallower portion + of the subduction zone, the seafloor ruptures slowly, the seismic energy is released more slowly, + and the sea floor deformation is larger compared to other earthquakes of the same magnitude. Each + of these factors contributes to an overall larger tsunami, particularly close to the source. Examples + of this type of event include Sanriku Japan, 1896; Nicaragua, 1992; East Java, Indonesia, 1994; West + Java Indonesia, 2006 and the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, 2010.

+

Landslide-generated tsunamis

+

Tsunamis can also be generated by slope failures – commonly referred to as landslides, slumps, slips + or debris flows. If the landslide happens above the water, tsunami waves are generated as the material + crashes onto the water surface, and water is displaced. If the landslide happens under the water, + on the seafloor, the water above the landslide is pulled downwards in to the hole that is left as + the landslide material slides down slope. This disruption of the water causes a tsunami.

+

+
+ Schematic:Tsunamis caused by landslides. +
Figure 3: Tsunamis caused by landslides.
+
+

+

The key factors controlling the height of the wave that forms are: the slope of the sea bed; the amount + of material displaced; the thickness of the landslide; the depth of water at which the landslide + occurs; the speed at which the landslide moves and the distance over which the slide material travels + (Bardet et al., 2003). Critical to the study of landslide-generated tsunamis is the ability to tell + how often these events happen in a given place. This is particularly true for the large scale “flank + collapse” of volcanic islands, a rare but potentially catastrophic tsunami generator (Ward, 2002).

+

The most famous and extreme example of a landslide-generated tsunami is the one that happened in Lituya + Bay, in south eastern Alaska on July 9, 1958. In this event, an on-land earthquake along the Fairweather + Fault caused a landslide made up of 30 million cubic meters of rock and soil to collapse into the + head of Lituya Bay. The wave caused by this landslide reached a height of 524 m above sea level. + Wave heights reduced to ~10 m at the mouth of the bay (Miller, 1960). A submarine landslide is also + considered to have been the main cause of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami which killed more than + 2100 people (Synolakis et al., 2002).

+

Volcanoes and other generating mechanisms

+

Tsunamis can form as the result of a volcanic eruption – especially if the eruption causes a caldera + collapse and results in the displacement of a large volume of water. Volcanic eruptions and associated + earthquakes can produce landslides on land which then fall into a body of water causing a wave. The + 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait between the Islands of Sumatra and Java is the most + significant historic example of this phenomenon (Winchester, 2005).

+

The weather can cause tsunamis, or tsunami-like waves. This is called ‘meteorological forcing’ and the + wave that is formed is called a ‘meteotsunami’. This most commonly happens with the movement of an + area of low atmospheric pressure across a body of water. The low atmospheric pressure causes a displacement + of the water surface (water level rises with low pressure). If the low pressure system moves through + the air above the water, it can produce a wave-like feature that moves across the water. If the speed + of the low pressure system matches the local speed of the induced water wave, this can cause a build-up + of wave height (see: Dean and Dalrymple, 1991; p. 163-166). An example of this effect includes the + tsunami-like wave that hit Daytona Beach, Florida on the night of July 3rd 1992 (Sallenger et + al., 1995).

+

A further tsunami generation mechanism is that caused by a bolide (e.g. asteroid) impact in an ocean + basin. No such event is known to have occurred in human history, but attempts have been made to work + out the probability of such an occurrence (Chapman and Morrison, 2000) and the size of the waves + it might generate (Ward and Asphaug, 2000).

+

+
+ Schematic: Tsunamis caused by volcanoes and other mechanisms. +
Figure 4: Tsunamis caused by volcanoes and other mechanisms.
+
+
+

+
+

References

+

Bardet, J.-P., Synolakis, C.E., Davies, H.L., Imamura, F., and Okal, E. A. eds. 2003. Landslide Tsunamis: + Recent Findings and Research Directions. Pure and Applied Geophysics: Topical Volume, ISBN: + 978-3-7643-6033-7

+

Chapman, C.R. and Morrison, D., 1994. Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard. Nature, + 367: 33-40.

+

Dean R.G. and Dalrymple, R.A., 1991. Water Wave Mechanics for Scientists and Engineers, Singapore, + World Scientific.

+

Miller, D.J., 1960. Giant Waves in Lituya Bay Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper + 354-c.

+

Kanamori, H., 1972. Mechanism of Tsunami Earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, + 6, 346-359.

+

Power, W. L. (compiler). 2013. Review of Tsunami Hazard in New Zealand. (2013 Update), GNS Science Consultancy + Report 2013/131. 222 p.

+

Sallenger, Jr, A. H., List, J. H., Gelfenbaum, G., Stumpf, R. P., Hansen, M., 1995. Large wave at Daytona + Beach, Florida, explained as a squall-line surge. Journal of Coastal Research, 11, 1383-1388.

+

Synolakis, C.E., Bardet, J.-P., Borrero, J.C., Davies, H.L., Okal, E.A., Silver, E., Sweet, S. and Tappin, + D.R., 2002. The slump origin of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami. Proceedings of the Royal + Society (London), Ser. A, 458, 763-789.

+

Ward, S.N., 2002. Slip-sliding away. Nature, 415, 973-974.

+

Ward, S.N. and Asphaug, E., 2000. Asteroid Impact Tsunami: A Probabilistic Hazard Assessment. Icarus, + 145, 64-78.

+

Winchester, S., 2005. Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883. New York, Harper Collins.

+
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+

Data Usage

+

Terms and Conditions of Use of the New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database

+

The + New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database (Database) is provided by the National Institute + of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, a Crown Research Institute established in accordance + with the Crown Research Institutes Act 1992 and Ministry for Civil Defence and Emergency Management + (MCDEM), (together, the Providers). The Providers make the Database available for the purpose + of disseminating to the public information in relation to palaeotsunamis (Information).

+

While the Providers have used all reasonable endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the Information + provided in the Database, the user acknowledges and agrees that the Information is provided “as + is” without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including as to accuracy, completeness, + correctness, timeliness or fitness for any particular purpose. Accordingly, the Providers do + not give, and the user acknowledges and agrees that the Providers have not given, any representation + or warranty that:

+
    +
  • the Information contains no errors, is complete or up-to-date; or
    • +
  • the Information or Database may be used for any particular purpose, or give any particular results + or outcomes; or
    • +
  • the flow of Information from, or provision of the Database by, the Providers will not be interrupted + for whatever reason, or be available at particular times; or
    • +
  • the Database or the Information will not infringe any third party’s intellectual property rights.
    • +
+

In addition, the Database and the Information shall in no way be construed to constitute a recommendation + by the Providers to take (or not to take) any specific action. The user acknowledges that it + assumes the sole risk of assessing, evaluating, interpreting and applying the Information

+

The user acknowledges and agrees that while the Information and the Database is provided freely by + the Providers:

+
    +
  • the user will only use the Database and the Information for lawful purposes;
    • +
  • when quoting, or citing the Database or the Information or sharing Information, the user must + cite the following reference: New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database. 2017. + https://ptdb.niwa.co.nz [Access Date]. Subject to Terms and Conditions of Use.
    • +
  • the user may modify the Information but shall indicate any modifications made when sharing the + Information;
    • +
  • the user will not reproduce all or a significant part of the Database or the Information via + its own website or a website that is not owned by the Providers.
    • +
+

All proprietary rights (including all intellectual property rights) in, or associated with the Database + and the Information are, and shall remain, vested solely in the Providers (or any other relevant + third party who has contributed Information for which the Providers act as custodian).

+

The Providers accept no liability for any loss or damage (whether direct or indirect) incurred by + the user or any other person through their use of the Database or use, reference to, reliance + on or possession of the Information. This shall include any interference with or damage to a + user’s computer system, software or data occurring in connection with or relating to the Database + or its use. Users are encouraged to take appropriate and adequate precautions to ensure that + whatever is selected from the Database is free of viruses or other contamination that may interfere + with or damage the user’s computer system, software or data.

+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+

Tsunami Travel

+

Across the deep ocean, tsunamis travel at roughly the same speed as a jet airliner.

+

Tsunami Travel, Inundation and Runup

+

Tsunamis travel at very predictable speeds. The speed depends on the depth of the water the tsunami wave + is travelling through. In deep water the tsunami travels faster than in shallow water. As a tsunami + wave approaches dry land and the water shallows, it slows down relative to its speed in the deep + ocean. It is the slowing of the wave in shallow water that leads to the destructive flooding (inundation) + of tsunami waves.

+

Tsunamis have very long wavelengths. As the tsunami travels into shallower and shallower water, the leading + edge of the wave will slow to almost zero, while the following sections of the wave will still be + travelling at full speed. This results in the ‘train wreck’ effect where the back part of the wave + piles up behind the slower moving wave front. The wave train increases in height as the back runs + into the front. This height build up leads to flooding in the coastal area (Figure 1).

+

+
+ Schematic: tsunami propagation, shoaling and inundation. +
Figure 1: Schematic of tsunami propagation, shoaling and inundation.
+
+

+

Depending on the size and shape of the tsunami and the shape of the seafloor and coast, this flooding + can look like a rapidly rising tide (this is why tsunamis have wrongly been called ‘tidal waves’), + or it can result in violently breaking waves and destructive high-speed flooding (inundation). The + general terms for tsunami inundation and runup are defined in Figure 2.

+

+
+ Schematic: tsunami inundation zone. +
Figure 2: Schematic of tsunami inundation zone.
+
+
+

+

Tsunami Travel Times

+

Experts can work out how long it will take a tsunami to travel from one place to another by knowing it + source and the depth of water the tsunami is travelling through. On average, tsunamis travel at roughly + the same speed as a jet airliner. It takes about 14-16 hours for a tsunami to cross the Pacific Ocean.

+

The technique to compute travel times is an application of Huygen's principle which states that all points + on a wave front are point sources for secondary spherical waves. Details of the method used to compute + tsunami travel times over a grid of depth data can be found in Shokin, et al. (1987). The figures + below show tsunami travel times from any point in the Pacific Ocean to Auckland, Gisborne and Christchurch, + New Zealand. Inspection of the map for Gisborne shows that a tsunami from central Chile would take + 13-14 hours travel time, while a tsunami from Japan would take approximately 13 hours..

+

It is important to remember that a tsunami is not just one wave but is made up of a series of waves that + arrive over several hours. The first waves to arrive are generally not the largest. The biggest waves + and strongest effects – particularly from distant source tsunamis – generally occur many hours after + the tsunami’s first arrival, as was the case in New Zealand following the 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan + tsunamis (Borrero and Greer, 2013).

+

+
+ Map: Travel times from anywhere in the Pacific Ocean to Auckland, New Zealand. +
Figure 3: Travel times (in hours) from anywhere in the Pacific Ocean to Auckland, New Zealand.
+
+
+ Map: Travel times from anywhere in the Pacific Ocean to Gisborne, New Zealand. +
Figure 4: Travel times (in hours) from anywhere in the Pacific Ocean to Gisborne, New Zealand.
+
+
+ Map: Travel times from anywhere in the Pacific Ocean to Christchurch, New Zealand. +
Figure 5: Travel times (in hours) from anywhere in the Pacific Ocean to Christchurch, New Zealand.
+
+
+

+
+

References

+

Borrero, J. and Greer, S.D. 2013. Comparison of the 2010 Chile and 2010 Japan tsunamis in the Far-field. + Pure and Applied Geophysics, 170, 1249-1274.

+

Shokin, et al., 1987, Calculations of tsunami travel time charts in the Pacific Ocean. Science of Tsunami + Hazards, 5, 85-113.

+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+

Data Usage

+

Terms and Conditions of Use of the New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database

+

The + New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database (Database) is provided by the National Institute + of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, a Crown Research Institute established in accordance + with the Crown Research Institutes Act 1992 and Ministry for Civil Defence and Emergency Management + (MCDEM), (together, the Providers). The Providers make the Database available for the purpose + of disseminating to the public information in relation to palaeotsunamis (Information).

+

While the Providers have used all reasonable endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the Information + provided in the Database, the user acknowledges and agrees that the Information is provided “as + is” without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including as to accuracy, completeness, + correctness, timeliness or fitness for any particular purpose. Accordingly, the Providers do + not give, and the user acknowledges and agrees that the Providers have not given, any representation + or warranty that:

+
    +
  • the Information contains no errors, is complete or up-to-date; or
    • +
  • the Information or Database may be used for any particular purpose, or give any particular results + or outcomes; or
    • +
  • the flow of Information from, or provision of the Database by, the Providers will not be interrupted + for whatever reason, or be available at particular times; or
    • +
  • the Database or the Information will not infringe any third party’s intellectual property rights.
    • +
+

In addition, the Database and the Information shall in no way be construed to constitute a recommendation + by the Providers to take (or not to take) any specific action. The user acknowledges that it + assumes the sole risk of assessing, evaluating, interpreting and applying the Information

+

The user acknowledges and agrees that while the Information and the Database is provided freely by + the Providers:

+
    +
  • the user will only use the Database and the Information for lawful purposes;
    • +
  • when quoting, or citing the Database or the Information or sharing Information, the user must + cite the following reference: New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database. 2017. + https://ptdb.niwa.co.nz [Access Date]. Subject to Terms and Conditions of Use.
    • +
  • the user may modify the Information but shall indicate any modifications made when sharing the + Information;
    • +
  • the user will not reproduce all or a significant part of the Database or the Information via + its own website or a website that is not owned by the Providers.
    • +
+

All proprietary rights (including all intellectual property rights) in, or associated with the Database + and the Information are, and shall remain, vested solely in the Providers (or any other relevant + third party who has contributed Information for which the Providers act as custodian).

+

The Providers accept no liability for any loss or damage (whether direct or indirect) incurred by + the user or any other person through their use of the Database or use, reference to, reliance + on or possession of the Information. This shall include any interference with or damage to a + user’s computer system, software or data occurring in connection with or relating to the Database + or its use. Users are encouraged to take appropriate and adequate precautions to ensure that + whatever is selected from the Database is free of viruses or other contamination that may interfere + with or damage the user’s computer system, software or data.

+
+
+
+
+
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404 Not found

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