diff --git a/src/cmap/wire_protocol/responses.ts b/src/cmap/wire_protocol/responses.ts
index 6c166afd61e..18afde92e72 100644
--- a/src/cmap/wire_protocol/responses.ts
+++ b/src/cmap/wire_protocol/responses.ts
@@ -354,4 +354,8 @@ export class ClientBulkWriteCursorResponse extends CursorResponse {
   get deletedCount() {
     return this.get('nDeleted', BSONType.int, true);
   }
+
+  get writeConcernError() {
+    return this.get('writeConcernError', BSONType.object, false);
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/error.ts b/src/error.ts
index 4aed6b93146..4e3679bd9a7 100644
--- a/src/error.ts
+++ b/src/error.ts
@@ -643,6 +643,33 @@ export class MongoClientBulkWriteCursorError extends MongoRuntimeError {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * An error indicating that an error occurred when generating a bulk write update.
+ *
+ * @public
+ * @category Error
+ */
+export class MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError extends MongoRuntimeError {
+  /**
+   * **Do not use this constructor!**
+   *
+   * Meant for internal use only.
+   *
+   * @remarks
+   * This class is only meant to be constructed within the driver. This constructor is
+   * not subject to semantic versioning compatibility guarantees and may change at any time.
+   *
+   * @public
+   **/
+  constructor(message: string) {
+    super(message);
+  }
+
+  override get name(): string {
+    return 'MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError';
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * An error indicating that an error occurred on the client when executing a client bulk write.
  *
diff --git a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/command_builder.ts b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/command_builder.ts
index 6b809a08c58..bd6aee836bb 100644
--- a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/command_builder.ts
+++ b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/command_builder.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { BSON, type Document } from '../../bson';
 import { DocumentSequence } from '../../cmap/commands';
+import { MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError } from '../../error';
 import { type PkFactory } from '../../mongo_client';
 import type { Filter, OptionalId, UpdateFilter, WithoutId } from '../../mongo_types';
 import { DEFAULT_PK_FACTORY } from '../../utils';
@@ -343,6 +344,22 @@ export const buildUpdateManyOperation = (
   return createUpdateOperation(model, index, true);
 };
 
+/**
+ * Validate the update document.
+ * @param update - The update document.
+ */
+function validateUpdate(update: Document) {
+  const keys = Object.keys(update);
+  if (keys.length === 0) {
+    throw new MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError('Client bulk write update models may not be empty.');
+  }
+  if (!keys[0].startsWith('$')) {
+    throw new MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError(
+      'Client bulk write update models must only contain atomic modifiers (start with $).'
+    );
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * Creates a delete operation based on the parameters.
  */
@@ -351,6 +368,22 @@ function createUpdateOperation(
   index: number,
   multi: boolean
 ): ClientUpdateOperation {
+  // Update documents provided in UpdateOne and UpdateMany write models are
+  // required only to contain atomic modifiers (i.e. keys that start with "$").
+  // Drivers MUST throw an error if an update document is empty or if the
+  // document's first key does not start with "$".
+  if (Array.isArray(model.update)) {
+    if (model.update.length === 0) {
+      throw new MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError(
+        'Client bulk write update model pipelines may not be empty.'
+      );
+    }
+    for (const update of model.update) {
+      validateUpdate(update);
+    }
+  } else {
+    validateUpdate(model.update);
+  }
   const document: ClientUpdateOperation = {
     update: index,
     multi: multi,
@@ -393,6 +426,16 @@ export const buildReplaceOneOperation = (
   model: ClientReplaceOneModel,
   index: number
 ): ClientReplaceOneOperation => {
+  const keys = Object.keys(model.replacement);
+  if (keys.length === 0) {
+    throw new MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError('Client bulk write replace models may not be empty.');
+  }
+  if (keys[0].startsWith('$')) {
+    throw new MongoClientBulkWriteUpdateError(
+      'Client bulk write replace models must not contain atomic modifiers (start with $).'
+    );
+  }
+
   const document: ClientReplaceOneOperation = {
     update: index,
     multi: false,
diff --git a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/common.ts b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/common.ts
index c41d971f020..29d3e5e04f8 100644
--- a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/common.ts
+++ b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { type Document } from '../../bson';
+import { type ErrorDescription, type MongoRuntimeError, MongoServerError } from '../../error';
 import type { Filter, OptionalId, UpdateFilter, WithoutId } from '../../mongo_types';
 import type { CollationOptions, CommandOperationOptions } from '../../operations/command';
 import type { Hint } from '../../operations/operation';
@@ -181,6 +182,55 @@ export interface ClientBulkWriteResult {
   deleteResults?: Map<number, ClientDeleteResult>;
 }
 
+export interface ClientBulkWriteError {
+  code: number;
+  message: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An error indicating that an error occurred when executing the bulk write.
+ *
+ * @public
+ * @category Error
+ */
+export class MongoClientBulkWriteError extends MongoServerError {
+  /**
+   * A top-level error that occurred when attempting to communicate with the server or execute
+   * the bulk write. This value may not be populated if the exception was thrown due to errors
+   * occurring on individual writes.
+   */
+  error?: MongoRuntimeError;
+  /**
+   * Write concern errors that occurred while executing the bulk write. This list may have
+   * multiple items if more than one server command was required to execute the bulk write.
+   */
+  writeConcernErrors: Document[];
+  /**
+   * Errors that occurred during the execution of individual write operations. This map will
+   * contain at most one entry if the bulk write was ordered.
+   */
+  writeErrors: Map<number, ClientBulkWriteError>;
+  /**
+   * The results of any successful operations that were performed before the error was
+   * encountered.
+   */
+  partialResult?: ClientBulkWriteResult;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize the client bulk write error.
+   * @param message - The error message.
+   */
+  constructor(message: ErrorDescription) {
+    super(message);
+    this.writeConcernErrors = [];
+    this.writeErrors = new Map();
+  }
+
+  override get name(): string {
+    return 'MongoClientBulkWriteError';
+  }
+}
+
 /** @public */
 export interface ClientInsertOneResult {
   /**
diff --git a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/executor.ts b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/executor.ts
index 1c02a42add6..0925f7661bb 100644
--- a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/executor.ts
+++ b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/executor.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { type Document } from 'bson';
 
 import { ClientBulkWriteCursor } from '../../cursor/client_bulk_write_cursor';
-import { MongoClientBulkWriteExecutionError } from '../../error';
+import { MongoClientBulkWriteExecutionError, MongoWriteConcernError } from '../../error';
 import { type MongoClient } from '../../mongo_client';
 import { WriteConcern } from '../../write_concern';
 import { executeOperation } from '../execute_operation';
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ import { type ClientBulkWriteCommand, ClientBulkWriteCommandBuilder } from './co
 import {
   type AnyClientBulkWriteModel,
   type ClientBulkWriteOptions,
-  type ClientBulkWriteResult
+  type ClientBulkWriteResult,
+  MongoClientBulkWriteError
 } from './common';
 import { ClientBulkWriteResultsMerger } from './results_merger';
 
@@ -34,9 +35,13 @@ export class ClientBulkWriteExecutor {
     operations: AnyClientBulkWriteModel[],
     options?: ClientBulkWriteOptions
   ) {
+    if (operations.length === 0) {
+      throw new MongoClientBulkWriteExecutionError('No client bulk write models were provided.');
+    }
+
     this.client = client;
     this.operations = operations;
-    this.options = { ...options };
+    this.options = { ordered: true, ...options };
 
     // If no write concern was provided, we inherit one from the client.
     if (!this.options.writeConcern) {
@@ -96,12 +101,46 @@ async function executeAcknowledged(
   let currentBatchOffset = 0;
   for (const command of commands) {
     const cursor = new ClientBulkWriteCursor(client, command, options);
-    const docs = await cursor.toArray();
+    let docs = [];
+    let writeConcernErrorResult;
+    try {
+      docs = await cursor.toArray();
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Write concern errors are recorded in the writeConcernErrors field on MongoClientBulkWriteError.
+      // When a write concern error is encountered, it should not terminate execution of the bulk write
+      // for either ordered or unordered bulk writes. However, drivers MUST throw an exception at the end
+      // of execution if any write concern errors were observed.
+      if (error instanceof MongoWriteConcernError) {
+        const result = error.result;
+        writeConcernErrorResult = {
+          insertedCount: result.nInserted,
+          upsertedCount: result.nUpserted,
+          matchedCount: result.nMatched,
+          modifiedCount: result.nModified,
+          deletedCount: result.nDeleted,
+          writeConcernError: result.writeConcernError
+        };
+        docs = result.cursor.firstBatch;
+      } else {
+        throw error;
+      }
+    }
+    // Note if we have a write concern error there will be no cursor response present.
+    const response = writeConcernErrorResult ?? cursor.response;
     const operations = command.ops.documents;
-    resultsMerger.merge(currentBatchOffset, operations, cursor.response, docs);
+    resultsMerger.merge(currentBatchOffset, operations, response, docs);
     // Set the new batch index so we can back back to the index in the original models.
     currentBatchOffset += operations.length;
   }
+
+  if (resultsMerger.writeConcernErrors.length > 0) {
+    const error = new MongoClientBulkWriteError({
+      message: 'Mongo client bulk write encountered write concern errors during execution.'
+    });
+    error.writeConcernErrors = resultsMerger.writeConcernErrors;
+    error.partialResult = resultsMerger.result;
+    throw error;
+  }
   return resultsMerger.result;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/results_merger.ts b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/results_merger.ts
index ca5f3f16048..34bf615e89f 100644
--- a/src/operations/client_bulk_write/results_merger.ts
+++ b/src/operations/client_bulk_write/results_merger.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import {
   type ClientBulkWriteResult,
   type ClientDeleteResult,
   type ClientInsertOneResult,
-  type ClientUpdateResult
+  type ClientUpdateResult,
+  MongoClientBulkWriteError
 } from './common';
 
 /**
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ import {
 export class ClientBulkWriteResultsMerger {
   result: ClientBulkWriteResult;
   options: ClientBulkWriteOptions;
+  writeConcernErrors: Document[];
 
   /**
    * Instantiate the merger.
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ export class ClientBulkWriteResultsMerger {
    */
   constructor(options: ClientBulkWriteOptions) {
     this.options = options;
+    this.writeConcernErrors = [];
     this.result = {
       insertedCount: 0,
       upsertedCount: 0,
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ export class ClientBulkWriteResultsMerger {
   merge(
     currentBatchOffset: number,
     operations: Document[],
-    response: ClientBulkWriteCursorResponse,
+    response: ClientBulkWriteCursorResponse | Document,
     documents: Document[]
   ): ClientBulkWriteResult {
     // Update the counts from the cursor response.
@@ -60,42 +63,77 @@ export class ClientBulkWriteResultsMerger {
     this.result.modifiedCount += response.modifiedCount;
     this.result.deletedCount += response.deletedCount;
 
-    if (this.options.verboseResults) {
-      // Iterate all the documents in the cursor and update the result.
-      for (const document of documents) {
-        // Only add to maps if ok: 1
-        if (document.ok === 1) {
-          // Get the corresponding operation from the command.
-          const operation = operations[document.idx];
-          // Handle insert results.
-          if ('insert' in operation) {
-            this.result.insertResults?.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, {
-              insertedId: operation.document._id
-            });
-          }
-          // Handle update results.
-          if ('update' in operation) {
-            const result: ClientUpdateResult = {
-              matchedCount: document.n,
-              modifiedCount: document.nModified ?? 0,
-              // Check if the bulk did actually upsert.
-              didUpsert: document.upserted != null
-            };
-            if (document.upserted) {
-              result.upsertedId = document.upserted._id;
-            }
-            this.result.updateResults?.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, result);
-          }
-          // Handle delete results.
-          if ('delete' in operation) {
-            this.result.deleteResults?.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, {
-              deletedCount: document.n
-            });
+    if (response.writeConcernError) {
+      this.writeConcernErrors.push({
+        code: response.writeConcernError.code,
+        message: response.writeConcernError.errmsg
+      });
+    }
+    // Iterate all the documents in the cursor and update the result.
+    const writeErrors = new Map();
+    for (const document of documents) {
+      // Only add to maps if ok: 1
+      if (document.ok === 1 && this.options.verboseResults) {
+        // Get the corresponding operation from the command.
+        const operation = operations[document.idx];
+        // Handle insert results.
+        if ('insert' in operation) {
+          this.result.insertResults?.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, {
+            insertedId: operation.document._id
+          });
+        }
+        // Handle update results.
+        if ('update' in operation) {
+          const result: ClientUpdateResult = {
+            matchedCount: document.n,
+            modifiedCount: document.nModified ?? 0,
+            // Check if the bulk did actually upsert.
+            didUpsert: document.upserted != null
+          };
+          if (document.upserted) {
+            result.upsertedId = document.upserted._id;
           }
+          this.result.updateResults?.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, result);
+        }
+        // Handle delete results.
+        if ('delete' in operation) {
+          this.result.deleteResults?.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, {
+            deletedCount: document.n
+          });
+        }
+      } else {
+        // If an individual write error is encountered during an ordered bulk write, drivers MUST
+        // record the error in writeErrors and immediately throw the exception. Otherwise, drivers
+        // MUST continue to iterate the results cursor and execute any further bulkWrite batches.
+        if (this.options.ordered) {
+          const error = new MongoClientBulkWriteError({
+            message: 'Mongo client ordered bulk write encountered a write error.'
+          });
+          error.writeErrors.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, {
+            code: document.code,
+            message: document.errmsg
+          });
+          error.partialResult = this.result;
+          throw error;
+        } else {
+          writeErrors.set(document.idx + currentBatchOffset, {
+            code: document.code,
+            message: document.errmsg
+          });
         }
       }
     }
 
+    // Handle the unordered bulk write errors here.
+    if (writeErrors.size > 0) {
+      const error = new MongoClientBulkWriteError({
+        message: 'Mongo client unordered bulk write encountered write errors.'
+      });
+      error.writeErrors = writeErrors;
+      error.partialResult = this.result;
+      throw error;
+    }
+
     return this.result;
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/crud/crud.spec.test.ts b/test/integration/crud/crud.spec.test.ts
index a8a0d2987fe..5439c775236 100644
--- a/test/integration/crud/crud.spec.test.ts
+++ b/test/integration/crud/crud.spec.test.ts
@@ -3,22 +3,6 @@ import * as path from 'path';
 import { loadSpecTests } from '../../spec/index';
 import { runUnifiedSuite } from '../../tools/unified-spec-runner/runner';
 
-const clientBulkWriteTests = new RegExp(
-  [
-    'client bulkWrite operations support errorResponse assertions',
-    'an individual operation fails during an ordered bulkWrite',
-    'an individual operation fails during an unordered bulkWrite',
-    'detailed results are omitted from error when verboseResults is false',
-    'a top-level failure occurs during a bulkWrite',
-    'a bulk write with only errors does not report a partial result',
-    'an empty list of write models is a client-side error',
-    'a write concern error occurs during a bulkWrite',
-    'client bulkWrite replaceOne prohibits atomic modifiers',
-    'client bulkWrite updateOne requires atomic modifiers',
-    'client bulkWrite updateMany requires atomic modifiers'
-  ].join('|')
-);
-
 const unacknowledgedHintTests = [
   'Unacknowledged updateOne with hint document on 4.2+ server',
   'Unacknowledged updateOne with hint string on 4.2+ server',
@@ -59,13 +43,11 @@ describe('CRUD unified', function () {
   runUnifiedSuite(
     loadSpecTests(path.join('crud', 'unified')),
     ({ description }, { isLoadBalanced }) => {
-      return description.match(clientBulkWriteTests)
-        ? 'TODO(NODE-6257): implement client level bulk write'
-        : unacknowledgedHintTests.includes(description)
-          ? `TODO(NODE-3541)`
-          : isLoadBalanced && loadBalancedCollationTests.includes(description)
-            ? `TODO(NODE-6280): fix collation for find and modify commands on load balanced mode`
-            : false;
+      return unacknowledgedHintTests.includes(description)
+        ? `TODO(NODE-3541)`
+        : isLoadBalanced && loadBalancedCollationTests.includes(description)
+          ? `TODO(NODE-6280): fix collation for find and modify commands on load balanced mode`
+          : false;
     }
   );
 });
diff --git a/test/tools/unified-spec-runner/match.ts b/test/tools/unified-spec-runner/match.ts
index f92004c7760..cb1266d006d 100644
--- a/test/tools/unified-spec-runner/match.ts
+++ b/test/tools/unified-spec-runner/match.ts
@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@ export function resultCheck(
     }
 
     if (typeof actual !== 'object') {
+      console.log(expected, actual);
       expect.fail('Expected actual value to be an object');
     }
 
@@ -793,7 +794,11 @@ export function expectErrorCheck(
   }
 
   if (expected.expectResult != null) {
-    resultCheck(error, expected.expectResult as any, entities);
+    if ('partialResult' in error) {
+      resultCheck(error.partialResult, expected.expectResult as any, entities);
+    } else {
+      resultCheck(error, expected.expectResult as any, entities);
+    }
   }
 
   if (expected.errorResponse != null) {