diff --git a/src/compiler/checker.ts b/src/compiler/checker.ts
index 8947f98f8647b..2461d8562c6d3 100644
--- a/src/compiler/checker.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/checker.ts
@@ -2410,7 +2410,7 @@ namespace ts {
 
             if (!dontResolveAlias && symbol) {
                 if (!(symbol.flags & (SymbolFlags.Module | SymbolFlags.Variable)) && !getDeclarationOfKind(symbol, SyntaxKind.SourceFile)) {
-                    const compilerOptionName = moduleKind >= ModuleKind.ES2015
+                    const compilerOptionName = moduleKind >= ModuleKind.Hybrid
                         ? "allowSyntheticDefaultImports"
                         : "esModuleInterop";
 
@@ -26614,7 +26614,7 @@ namespace ts {
          */
         function checkClassNameCollisionWithObject(name: Identifier): void {
             if (languageVersion === ScriptTarget.ES5 && name.escapedText === "Object"
-                && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ES2015 && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext) {
+                && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ES2015 && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.Hybrid) {
                 error(name, Diagnostics.Class_name_cannot_be_Object_when_targeting_ES5_with_module_0, ModuleKind[moduleKind]); // https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/17494
             }
         }
@@ -27723,7 +27723,7 @@ namespace ts {
                         error(node.moduleSpecifier, Diagnostics.Module_0_uses_export_and_cannot_be_used_with_export_Asterisk, symbolToString(moduleSymbol));
                     }
 
-                    if (moduleKind !== ModuleKind.System && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ES2015 && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext) {
+                    if (moduleKind !== ModuleKind.System && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ES2015 && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.Hybrid) {
                         checkExternalEmitHelpers(node, ExternalEmitHelpers.ExportStar);
                     }
                 }
@@ -30843,7 +30843,7 @@ namespace ts {
                 return grammarErrorOnNode(node.exclamationToken, Diagnostics.A_definite_assignment_assertion_is_not_permitted_in_this_context);
             }
 
-            if (compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.ES2015 && compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.ESNext && compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.System && !compilerOptions.noEmit &&
+            if (compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.ES2015 && compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.ESNext && compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.Hybrid && compilerOptions.module !== ModuleKind.System && !compilerOptions.noEmit &&
                 !(node.parent.parent.flags & NodeFlags.Ambient) && hasModifier(node.parent.parent, ModifierFlags.Export)) {
                 checkESModuleMarker(node.name);
             }
diff --git a/src/compiler/commandLineParser.ts b/src/compiler/commandLineParser.ts
index 43275605e2390..aecf2315d825d 100644
--- a/src/compiler/commandLineParser.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/commandLineParser.ts
@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ namespace ts {
                 umd: ModuleKind.UMD,
                 es6: ModuleKind.ES2015,
                 es2015: ModuleKind.ES2015,
-                esnext: ModuleKind.ESNext
+                esnext: ModuleKind.ESNext,
+                hybrid: ModuleKind.Hybrid
             }),
             affectsModuleResolution: true,
             paramType: Diagnostics.KIND,
diff --git a/src/compiler/factory.ts b/src/compiler/factory.ts
index ec19d2c906c12..40c662970e87f 100644
--- a/src/compiler/factory.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/factory.ts
@@ -4541,7 +4541,8 @@ namespace ts {
             let create = (hasExportStarsToExportValues || (compilerOptions.esModuleInterop && hasImportStarOrImportDefault))
                 && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.System
                 && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ES2015
-                && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext;
+                && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext
+                && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.Hybrid;
             if (!create) {
                 const helpers = getEmitHelpers(node);
                 if (helpers) {
diff --git a/src/compiler/moduleNameResolver.ts b/src/compiler/moduleNameResolver.ts
index b8aa9fa2df465..b146751e70688 100644
--- a/src/compiler/moduleNameResolver.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/moduleNameResolver.ts
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ namespace ts {
         else {
             let moduleResolution = compilerOptions.moduleResolution;
             if (moduleResolution === undefined) {
-                moduleResolution = getEmitModuleKind(compilerOptions) === ModuleKind.CommonJS ? ModuleResolutionKind.NodeJs : ModuleResolutionKind.Classic;
+                moduleResolution = getEmitModuleResolutionKind(compilerOptions);
                 if (traceEnabled) {
                     trace(host, Diagnostics.Module_resolution_kind_is_not_specified_using_0, ModuleResolutionKind[moduleResolution]);
                 }
diff --git a/src/compiler/transformer.ts b/src/compiler/transformer.ts
index fdcaadb404011..a40cabf48149f 100644
--- a/src/compiler/transformer.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/transformer.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace ts {
         switch (moduleKind) {
             case ModuleKind.ESNext:
             case ModuleKind.ES2015:
+            case ModuleKind.Hybrid:
                 return transformES2015Module;
             case ModuleKind.System:
                 return transformSystemModule;
diff --git a/src/compiler/transformers/module/es2015.ts b/src/compiler/transformers/module/es2015.ts
index 792dd9445960f..e5d111d704684 100644
--- a/src/compiler/transformers/module/es2015.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/transformers/module/es2015.ts
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@ namespace ts {
         function visitor(node: Node): VisitResult<Node> {
             switch (node.kind) {
                 case SyntaxKind.ImportEqualsDeclaration:
-                    // Elide `import=` as it is not legal with --module ES6
-                    return undefined;
+                    return visitImportAssignment(<ImportEqualsDeclaration>node);
                 case SyntaxKind.ExportAssignment:
                     return visitExportAssignment(<ExportAssignment>node);
             }
@@ -56,9 +55,34 @@ namespace ts {
             return node;
         }
 
-        function visitExportAssignment(node: ExportAssignment): VisitResult<ExportAssignment> {
-            // Elide `export=` as it is not legal with --module ES6
-            return node.isExportEquals ? undefined : node;
+        function visitImportAssignment(node: ImportEqualsDeclaration): VisitResult<Node> {
+            if (isExternalModuleReference(node.moduleReference)) {
+                // We issue an error for an import= when targeting es6, however we will emit is as a cjs-style `require` for hybrid environments
+                return setOriginalNode(setTextRange(createVariableStatement(
+                    /*modifiers*/ undefined,
+                    createVariableDeclarationList([
+                        createVariableDeclaration(
+                            node.name,
+                            /*type*/ undefined,
+                            createCall(
+                                createIdentifier("require"),
+                                /*typeArguments*/ undefined,
+                                [node.moduleReference.expression]
+                            )
+                        )],
+                        getEmitScriptTarget(compilerOptions) >= ScriptTarget.ES2015 ? NodeFlags.Const : 0
+                    )
+                ), node), node);
+            }
+            return undefined; // ts transformer should have handled namespacy import assignments
+        }
+
+        function visitExportAssignment(node: ExportAssignment): VisitResult<Node> {
+            if (!node.isExportEquals) {
+                return node;
+            }
+            // We issue an error for an export= when targeting es6, however we will emit is as a cjs-style `module.export=` for hybrid environments
+            return setOriginalNode(setTextRange(createExpressionStatement(createAssignment(createPropertyAccess(createIdentifier("module"), "exports"), node.expression)), node), node);
         }
 
         //
diff --git a/src/compiler/transformers/ts.ts b/src/compiler/transformers/ts.ts
index a22c6df8d0671..40d8acd41379c 100644
--- a/src/compiler/transformers/ts.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/transformers/ts.ts
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ namespace ts {
 
         function visitSourceFile(node: SourceFile) {
             const alwaysStrict = getStrictOptionValue(compilerOptions, "alwaysStrict") &&
-                !(isExternalModule(node) && moduleKind >= ModuleKind.ES2015) &&
+                !(isExternalModule(node) && (moduleKind >= ModuleKind.ES2015 || moduleKind === ModuleKind.Hybrid)) &&
                 !isJsonSourceFile(node);
 
             return updateSourceFileNode(
@@ -2847,6 +2847,7 @@ namespace ts {
                 || (isExternalModuleExport(node)
                     && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ES2015
                     && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.ESNext
+                    && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.Hybrid
                     && moduleKind !== ModuleKind.System);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/compiler/types.ts b/src/compiler/types.ts
index d213e8622994f..02ab02aaa6328 100644
--- a/src/compiler/types.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/types.ts
@@ -4605,8 +4605,9 @@ namespace ts {
         AMD = 2,
         UMD = 3,
         System = 4,
-        ES2015 = 5,
-        ESNext = 6
+        Hybrid = 5,
+        ES2015 = 6,
+        ESNext = 7,
     }
 
     export const enum JsxEmit {
diff --git a/src/compiler/utilities.ts b/src/compiler/utilities.ts
index 33a902b803554..e5a10b77b6c2a 100644
--- a/src/compiler/utilities.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/utilities.ts
@@ -7165,7 +7165,8 @@ namespace ts {
     export function getEmitModuleResolutionKind(compilerOptions: CompilerOptions) {
         let moduleResolution = compilerOptions.moduleResolution;
         if (moduleResolution === undefined) {
-            moduleResolution = getEmitModuleKind(compilerOptions) === ModuleKind.CommonJS ? ModuleResolutionKind.NodeJs : ModuleResolutionKind.Classic;
+            const emitModuleKind = getEmitModuleKind(compilerOptions);
+            moduleResolution = emitModuleKind === ModuleKind.CommonJS || emitModuleKind === ModuleKind.Hybrid ? ModuleResolutionKind.NodeJs : ModuleResolutionKind.Classic;
         }
         return moduleResolution;
     }
@@ -7176,6 +7177,7 @@ namespace ts {
             case ModuleKind.AMD:
             case ModuleKind.ES2015:
             case ModuleKind.ESNext:
+            case ModuleKind.Hybrid:
                 return true;
             default:
                 return false;
diff --git a/src/services/codefixes/importFixes.ts b/src/services/codefixes/importFixes.ts
index 8006d1a0cfd04..da7b88ee8cec3 100644
--- a/src/services/codefixes/importFixes.ts
+++ b/src/services/codefixes/importFixes.ts
@@ -357,6 +357,7 @@ namespace ts.codefix {
             case ModuleKind.AMD:
             case ModuleKind.CommonJS:
             case ModuleKind.UMD:
+            case ModuleKind.Hybrid:
                 return ImportKind.Equals;
             case ModuleKind.System:
             case ModuleKind.ES2015:
diff --git a/src/testRunner/unittests/config/commandLineParsing.ts b/src/testRunner/unittests/config/commandLineParsing.ts
index 25fa3a45050f3..35ee8c288b27c 100644
--- a/src/testRunner/unittests/config/commandLineParsing.ts
+++ b/src/testRunner/unittests/config/commandLineParsing.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ namespace ts {
                         start: undefined,
                         length: undefined,
                     }, {
-                            messageText: "Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.",
+                            messageText: "Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.",
                             category: Diagnostics.Argument_for_0_option_must_be_Colon_1.category,
                             code: Diagnostics.Argument_for_0_option_must_be_Colon_1.code,
 
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/api/tsserverlibrary.d.ts b/tests/baselines/reference/api/tsserverlibrary.d.ts
index 4353bbcd8fae0..41191791fb54c 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/api/tsserverlibrary.d.ts
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/api/tsserverlibrary.d.ts
@@ -2527,8 +2527,9 @@ declare namespace ts {
         AMD = 2,
         UMD = 3,
         System = 4,
-        ES2015 = 5,
-        ESNext = 6
+        Hybrid = 5,
+        ES2015 = 6,
+        ESNext = 7
     }
     enum JsxEmit {
         None = 0,
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/api/typescript.d.ts b/tests/baselines/reference/api/typescript.d.ts
index d8deb32c0efe8..13f25b6b7079c 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/api/typescript.d.ts
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/api/typescript.d.ts
@@ -2527,8 +2527,9 @@ declare namespace ts {
         AMD = 2,
         UMD = 3,
         System = 4,
-        ES2015 = 5,
-        ESNext = 6
+        Hybrid = 5,
+        ES2015 = 6,
+        ESNext = 7
     }
     enum JsxEmit {
         None = 0,
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment.js b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment.js
index 3d0198901ef3c..0f6d47a25e29d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment.js
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment.js
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ export = a;
 
 //// [es6ExportAssignment.js]
 var a = 10;
+module.exports = a;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment2.js b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment2.js
index 531c9e5a5ba3d..05079fb90dacd 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment2.js
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportAssignment2.js
@@ -10,4 +10,5 @@ import * as a from "a";
 
 //// [a.js]
 var a = 10;
+module.exports = a; // Error: export = not allowed in ES6
 //// [b.js]
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportEquals.js b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportEquals.js
index 99cae1c5a7341..24b3e14c3b282 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportEquals.js
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ExportEquals.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ export = f;
 
 //// [es6ExportEquals.js]
 export function f() { }
+module.exports = f;
 
 
 //// [es6ExportEquals.d.ts]
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.errors.txt
index 696c71950cd87..e298e2361a57d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.errors.txt
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.errors.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ tests/cases/compiler/server.ts(2,1): error TS1203: Export assignment cannot be u
     import a = require("server");
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 !!! error TS1202: Import assignment cannot be used when targeting ECMAScript modules. Consider using 'import * as ns from "mod"', 'import {a} from "mod"', 'import d from "mod"', or another module format instead.
+    void a;
+    
 ==== tests/cases/compiler/server.ts (1 errors) ====
     var a = 10;
     export = a;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.js b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.js
index 1ca0e94cf8aa9..ff7d8676882fd 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.js
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.js
@@ -5,8 +5,13 @@ var a = 10;
 export = a;
 
 //// [client.ts]
-import a = require("server");
+import a = require("server");
+void a;
+
 
 //// [server.js]
 var a = 10;
+module.exports = a;
 //// [client.js]
+const a = require("server");
+void a;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.symbols
index 8526153790a53..bee423816557b 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.symbols
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.symbols
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 import a = require("server");
 >a : Symbol(a, Decl(client.ts, 0, 0))
 
+void a;
+>a : Symbol(a, Decl(client.ts, 0, 0))
+
 === tests/cases/compiler/server.ts ===
 var a = 10;
 >a : Symbol(a, Decl(server.ts, 0, 3))
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.types b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.types
index 3d9acd022835e..c37e3e99985e0 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.types
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.types
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 import a = require("server");
 >a : number
 
+void a;
+>void a : undefined
+>a : number
+
 === tests/cases/compiler/server.ts ===
 var a = 10;
 >a : number
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsExportModuleEs2015Error.js b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsExportModuleEs2015Error.js
index 603f158946e94..2faa232c927ae 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsExportModuleEs2015Error.js
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/es6ImportEqualsExportModuleEs2015Error.js
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ var a = /** @class */ (function () {
     }
     return a;
 }());
+module.exports = a;
 //// [main.js]
 import * as a from "./a";
 a;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.js b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..159d8465970a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.ts] ////
+
+//// [cjsyexporter.ts]
+function f(): void {}
+export = f;
+//// [esmyexporter.ts]
+const x = 0;
+const y = 0;
+export {x, y}
+//// [importer.ts]
+import f = require("./cjsyexporter");
+f();
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+void x;
+void y;
+
+
+//// [cjsyexporter.js]
+function f() { }
+module.exports = f;
+//// [esmyexporter.js]
+const x = 0;
+const y = 0;
+export { x, y };
+//// [importer.js]
+const f = require("./cjsyexporter");
+f();
+import { x, y } from "./esmyexporter";
+void x;
+void y;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..20f6ca3fe7c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+=== tests/cases/compiler/importer.ts ===
+import f = require("./cjsyexporter");
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(importer.ts, 0, 0))
+
+f();
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(importer.ts, 0, 0))
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 8))
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 10))
+
+void x;
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 8))
+
+void y;
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 10))
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/cjsyexporter.ts ===
+function f(): void {}
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(cjsyexporter.ts, 0, 0))
+
+export = f;
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(cjsyexporter.ts, 0, 0))
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/esmyexporter.ts ===
+const x = 0;
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 0, 5))
+
+const y = 0;
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 1, 5))
+
+export {x, y}
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 2, 8))
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 2, 10))
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.types b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..a92f466292d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.types
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+=== tests/cases/compiler/importer.ts ===
+import f = require("./cjsyexporter");
+>f : () => void
+
+f();
+>f() : void
+>f : () => void
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+>x : 0
+>y : 0
+
+void x;
+>void x : undefined
+>x : 0
+
+void y;
+>void y : undefined
+>y : 0
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/cjsyexporter.ts ===
+function f(): void {}
+>f : () => void
+
+export = f;
+>f : () => void
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/esmyexporter.ts ===
+const x = 0;
+>x : 0
+>0 : 0
+
+const y = 0;
+>y : 0
+>0 : 0
+
+export {x, y}
+>x : 0
+>y : 0
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.js b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1d9bda7f8dd3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.ts] ////
+
+//// [index.d.ts]
+declare function f(): void;
+export = f;
+//// [esmyexporter.ts]
+const x = 0;
+const y = 0;
+export {x, y}
+//// [importer.ts]
+import f = require("cjsyexporter");
+f();
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+void x;
+void y;
+
+
+//// [esmyexporter.js]
+const x = 0;
+const y = 0;
+export { x, y };
+//// [importer.js]
+const f = require("cjsyexporter");
+f();
+import { x, y } from "./esmyexporter";
+void x;
+void y;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..39f7b9b867fff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+=== tests/cases/compiler/importer.ts ===
+import f = require("cjsyexporter");
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(importer.ts, 0, 0))
+
+f();
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(importer.ts, 0, 0))
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 8))
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 10))
+
+void x;
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 8))
+
+void y;
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(importer.ts, 3, 10))
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/node_modules/cjsyexporter/index.d.ts ===
+declare function f(): void;
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(index.d.ts, 0, 0))
+
+export = f;
+>f : Symbol(f, Decl(index.d.ts, 0, 0))
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/esmyexporter.ts ===
+const x = 0;
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 0, 5))
+
+const y = 0;
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 1, 5))
+
+export {x, y}
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 2, 8))
+>y : Symbol(y, Decl(esmyexporter.ts, 2, 10))
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.types b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..918dbd2c825e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.types
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+=== tests/cases/compiler/importer.ts ===
+import f = require("cjsyexporter");
+>f : () => void
+
+f();
+>f() : void
+>f : () => void
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+>x : 0
+>y : 0
+
+void x;
+>void x : undefined
+>x : 0
+
+void y;
+>void y : undefined
+>y : 0
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/node_modules/cjsyexporter/index.d.ts ===
+declare function f(): void;
+>f : () => void
+
+export = f;
+>f : () => void
+
+=== tests/cases/compiler/esmyexporter.ts ===
+const x = 0;
+>x : 0
+>0 : 0
+
+const y = 0;
+>y : 0
+>0 : 0
+
+export {x, y}
+>x : 0
+>y : 0
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.errors.txt
index f746915da7d5a..8aaceab71303d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.errors.txt	
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.errors.txt	
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 
 
-!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 ==== file.ts (0 errors) ====
     
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt
index f746915da7d5a..8aaceab71303d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt	
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options module-kind is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt	
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 
 
-!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 ==== file.ts (0 errors) ====
     
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.errors.txt
index f746915da7d5a..8aaceab71303d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.errors.txt	
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.errors.txt	
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 
 
-!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 ==== file.ts (0 errors) ====
     
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt
index f746915da7d5a..8aaceab71303d 100644
--- a/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt	
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/transpile/Report an error when compiler-options target-script is out-of-range.oldTranspile.errors.txt	
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 
 
-!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext'.
+!!! error TS6046: Argument for '--module' option must be: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es6', 'es2015', 'esnext', 'hybrid'.
 ==== file.ts (0 errors) ====
     
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.ts
index 7df85a31d75cd..5e0f0f6d3aeca 100644
--- a/tests/cases/compiler/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.ts
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/es6ImportEqualsDeclaration.ts
@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@ var a = 10;
 export = a;
 
 // @filename: client.ts
-import a = require("server");
\ No newline at end of file
+import a = require("server");
+void a;
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..fe19b648fbfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsError.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// @target: es6
+// @module: hybrid
+// @filename: cjsyexporter.ts
+function f(): void {}
+export = f;
+// @filename: esmyexporter.ts
+const x = 0;
+const y = 0;
+export {x, y}
+// @filename: importer.ts
+import f = require("./cjsyexporter");
+f();
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+void x;
+void y;
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..82329535b65b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/hybridModuleEmitNoImportEqualsErrorCjsResolution.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// @target: es6
+// @module: hybrid
+// @filename: node_modules/cjsyexporter/index.d.ts
+declare function f(): void;
+export = f;
+// @filename: esmyexporter.ts
+const x = 0;
+const y = 0;
+export {x, y}
+// @filename: importer.ts
+import f = require("cjsyexporter");
+f();
+
+import {x, y} from "./esmyexporter";
+void x;
+void y;