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<p>计算机行业流行一个笑话：有三样东西在制造过程中是永远看不见的——法律、香肠和软件。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<p>这种说法不完全对，但有些软件开发严格有序，有些软件控制却混乱不堪。软件产品从最初构思到公开发行的过程称为<em>软件开发生命周期模式。</em></p>
<p>以下是常用的模式：</p>
<ol>
<li><p><strong>大爆炸模式</strong></p>
<p>最简单的软件开发模式，优点是简单。计划、进度安排和正规开发过程几乎没有，所有精力花费在开发软件和编写代码上。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>编写边改模式</strong></p>
<p>通常只有粗略的想法，进行一些简单的设计，然后开始漫长的来回编写、测试和修改缺陷的过程，反复直到觉得足够了，就发布产品。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>瀑布模式</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/keymou/blog_images/raw/master/content/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F/1.jpg" alt="瀑布模式"></p>
<p>最典型的预见性的方法，严格遵循预先计划的需求分析、设计、编码、集成、测试、维护的步骤顺序进行。<br>步骤成果作为衡量进度的方法，例如需求规格，设计文档，测试计划和代码审阅等等。 </p>
<p>瀑布式的主要的问题是它的严格分级导致的自由度降低，项目早期即作出承诺导致对后期需求的变化难以调整，代价高昂。瀑布式方法在需求不明并且在项目进行过程中可能变化的情况下基本是不可行的。 </p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>螺旋模式</strong></p>
<p>核心就在于不需要在刚开始的时候就把所有事情都定义的清清楚楚。轻松上阵，定义最重要的功能，实现它，然后听取客户的意见，之后再进入到下一个阶段。</p>
<p>螺旋模式每一次循环包括6个步骤：</p>
<p>1）明确目标、可选方案和限制条件。</p>
<p>2）明确并化解风险。</p>
<p>3）评估可选方案。</p>
<p>4）当前阶段的开发和测试。</p>
<p>5）计划下一阶段。</p>
<p>6）确定进入下一阶段的方法。</p>
<p>螺旋模型很大程度上是一种风险驱动的方法体系，因为在每个阶段之前及经常发生的循环之前，都必须首先进行风险评估。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>迭代式开发</strong></p>
<p>也被称作<strong>迭代增量式开发</strong>或<strong>迭代进化式开发</strong>，是一种与传统的瀑布式开发相反的软件开发过程，它弥补了传统开发方式中的一些弱点，具有更高的成功率和生产率。</p>
<p>每次只设计和实现这个产品的一部分，逐步逐步完成的方法叫迭代开发，每次设计和实现一个阶段叫做一个迭代。</p>
<p>在迭代开发方法中，每一次迭代都包括了需求分析、设计、实现与测试。采用这种方法，开发工作可以在需求被完整地确定之前启动，并在一次迭代中完成系统的一部分功能或业务逻辑的开发工作。再通过客户的反馈来细化需求，并开始新一轮的迭代。</p>
<p>迭代式开发的优点：<br> 1、降低风险<br> 2、得到早期用户反馈<br> 3、持续的测试和集成<br> 4、使用变更<br> 5、提高复用性</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p> <strong>敏捷软件开发</strong></p>
<p> 又称<strong>敏捷开发</strong>，是一种应对快速变化的需求的一种软件开发能力。更强调程序员团队与业务专家之间的紧密协作、面对面的沟通、频繁交付新的软件版本、紧凑而自我组织型的团队、能够很好地适应需求变化的代码编写和团队组织方法，也更注重软件开发中人的作用。</p>
<p> 敏捷开发的目的：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>通过过程和工具理解个人和交流的作用</p>
<p>通过全面的文档理解运行的软件</p>
<p>通过合同和谈判得到客户的协作</p>
<p>在计划的执行中做出对变更的响应</p>
</blockquote>
<p> 迭代开发是<strong>一种</strong>软件开发的<strong>生命周期模型</strong>，敏捷开发是多种软件开发项目管理方法的集合，其中包括了XP、Scrum等，简单来说，<strong>迭代式开发模型是敏捷开发普遍使用的软件生命周期模型</strong>，<strong>敏捷开发所包含的内容比迭代模型宽泛的多</strong>。</p>
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