diff --git a/_posts/2024-12-11-power-systems-wiki.md b/_posts/2024-12-11-power-systems-wiki.md index c8503ea02009..d38ad714a14e 100644 --- a/_posts/2024-12-11-power-systems-wiki.md +++ b/_posts/2024-12-11-power-systems-wiki.md @@ -14,6 +14,70 @@ toc: # Terminology +## Markets + +--- + +**_Market_** A venue where participants buy and sell products or services. Usually there is agreement of product description and some standard terms to enable determination of value and price. [6] + +--- + +**_Market power_** The ability of any market participant with a large market share to significantly control or affect price by withholding production from the market, limiting service availability, or reducing purchases. [6] + +--- + +**_Market structure_** The rules, mechanisms and processes, under which a market operates to form prices, provide benefits and introduce risks to participants, and ultimately end consumers. Structure could enhance or inhibit competition, create just and reasonable outcomes, provide economically efficient incentives, or introduce unintended consequences including adverse market outcomes. [6] + +--- + +**_Capacity markets_** A market for the trading of capacity credits (the ability to produce electricity in the market area during a defined period) usually between parties obligated to deliver electricity to customers and power plant owners. [6] + +--- + +**_Day-ahead markets_** Forward markets for electricity to be supplied the following day. This market closes with acceptance by the independent system operator, power exchange, or scheduling coordinator of the final day-ahead schedule. Day-ahead is not a term commonly used for natural gas (“next day” is more common). [6] + +--- + +**_Financial markets_** Markets where financially settled products (instruments) are traded (bought and sold). In commodity markets, it is markets where financially settled commodity derivatives are traded. Nymex is purely financial, where any residual delivery obligations on the futures contracts are matched and settled physically off-exchange by the matched parties. ICE trades both physically and financially settled products. Brokers also do both physical and financial transactions. Financial markets are also a term used for capital markets where stocks, bonds, T-Bills, foreign exchange and other financial instruments are traded. [6] + +--- + +**_Futures market_** A market in which contracts for future delivery of a commodity or a security are bought and sold. Nymex is the primary futures market for energy commodities in the United States. [6] + +--- + +**_Spot market_** The natural gas market for contractual commitments that are short term (usually a month or less) and that begin in the near future (often the next day, or within days). In electricity, spot markets are usually organized markets for day-ahead and real-time electricity run by an independent system operator or regional transmission organization. [6] + +--- + +**_Wholesale electricity markets_** The purchase and sale of electricity from **generators to resellers** (who sell to retail customers) along with the ancillary services needed to maintain reliability and power quality at the transmission level. [6] + +--- + +**_Financial transmission right_** A contract that entitles the holder to receive or pay compensation for transmission charges that arise when grid congestions cases price differences due to the redispatch of generators. [6] + +--- + +**_Marginal electric generating unit_** In organized wholesale markets, the price of the marginal source of electricity usually sets the price of the unit providing the next increment or decrement of energy, which price usually sets the price for all generation. [6] + +--- + +**_Bilateral transaction_** A direct contract between a seller and buyer outside of a centralized market or exchange (e.g. Nymex or an RTO/ISO). In energy markets, the buyer or seller usually finds his or her matching counter-party through a broker (e.g. voice brokers, ICE, etc.). + +--- + +**_Zonal price_** A pricing mechanism for a **specific zone** within a **control area**. + +--- + +## Ancillary Services + +**_Ancillary services_** Those services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from seller to purchaser, given the obligations of control areas and transmitting utilities within those control areas, to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system. Ancillary services supplied with generation include load following, reactive power-voltage regulation, system protective services, loss compensation service, system control, load dispatch services, and energy imbalance services. [6] + +More details about this can be found in Reference [7] - Appendix I: Regional Practices for Ancillary Services + +--- + ## Frequency **_Frequency Deviation_** A change in Interconnection frequency. [1] @@ -36,6 +100,8 @@ The mismatch between demand and generation is represented via a real-time value **_Automatic Generation Control (AGC)_** Means equipment that automatically adjusts a Control Area’s generation from a central location to maintain its interchange schedule plus Frequency Bias. [1] +**_Automatic Generation Control (AGC)_** The automatic regulation of the power output of electric generators within a prescribed range in response to a change in system frequency, or tie-line loading, to maintain system frequency or scheduled interchange with other areas within predetermined limits. [6] + --- **_Primary Frequency Response_** The immediate proportional increase or decrease in real power output provided by generating units/generating facilities and the natural real power dampening response provided by Load in response to system Frequency Deviations. This response is in the direction that stabilizes frequency. [1] @@ -63,7 +129,7 @@ In short, **_Secondary Control_** maintains the minute-to-minute balance through alt="Typical Frequency Trend for the Loss of a Generating Resource" style="width: 700px; height: auto;">

- Typical Frequency Trend for the Loss of a Generating Resource (copied from [2]). + Typical Frequency Trend for the Loss of a Generating Resource (from [2]). Point A is defined as the pre-disturbance frequency; Point C or Nadir is the maximum deviation due to loss of resource; Point B is defined as the stabilizing frequency and; @@ -91,10 +157,6 @@ In short, **_Secondary Control_** maintains the minute-to-minute balance through --- -**_Reliability Coordinator Area_** The collection of generation, transmission, and loads within the boundaries of the Reliability Coordinator. Its boundary coincides with one or more Balancing Authority Areas. - ---- - **_Interchange_** Energy transfers that cross Balancing Authority boundaries. [1] --- @@ -129,7 +191,7 @@ In short, **_Secondary Control_** maintains the minute-to-minute balance through

Operating Reserves -

Operating Reserves (from referenced document)

+

Operating Reserves (from [1])

--- @@ -219,18 +281,62 @@ There are also two categories of stability: **_Resonance Stability_** and **_Con --- +## Area, Zone, and Region + +--- + +**_Balancing Authority Area_** The collection of generation, transmission, and loads within the metered boundaries of the Balancing Authority. The Balancing Authority maintains load-resource balance within this area. [1] + +--- + +**_Reliability Coordinator Area_** The collection of generation, transmission, and loads within the boundaries of the Reliability Coordinator. Its boundary coincides with one or more Balancing Authority Areas. [1] + +--- + +**_Control area_** An electric power system or combination of electric power systems to which a common automatic control scheme is applied in order to [6]: + +- Match, at all times, the power output of the generators within the electric power system(s) and capacity and energy purchased from entities outside the electric power system(s), with the load in the electric power system(s). +- Maintain, within the limits of Good Utility Practice, scheduled interchange with other Control Areas. +- Maintain the frequency of the electric power system(s) within reasonable limits in accordance with Good Utility Practice. +- Provide sufficient generating capacity to maintain operating reserves in accordance with Good Utility Practice. + +--- + +**_Region_** NERC divides North America into several regions for the purpose of reliability and coordination. Each region is responsible for ensuring the reliability of the bulk power system within its boundaries [8]. The six regions are: + +- MRO: Midwest Reliability Organization +- NPCC: Northeast Power Coordinating Council +- RF: ReliabilityFirst +- SERC: SERC Reliability Corporation +- Rexas RE: Texas Reliability Entity +- WECC: Western Electricity Coordinating Council + +
+ Regional Maps +

Regional Maps (from [8])

+
+ +--- + # Change Log +- 12/12/2024: Add ancillary services by FERC, add AGC by FERC, add markets related terms - 12/11/2024: Initial post # References -[1] NERC, "Glossary of Terms Used in NERC Reliability Standards," Nov. 4, 2024. Available: https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Glossary%20of%20Terms/Glossary_of_Terms.pdf +[1] North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "Glossary of Terms Used in NERC Reliability Standards," Nov. 4, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Glossary%20of%20Terms/Glossary_of_Terms.pdf -[2] NERC, "Balancing and Frequency Control Reference Document," Jan. 26, 2021. Available: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Reference_Document_NERC_Balancing_and_Frequency_Control.pdf +[2] North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "Balancing and Frequency Control Reference Document," Jan. 26, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Reference_Document_NERC_Balancing_and_Frequency_Control.pdf [3] P. Kundur et al., "Definition and classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force on stability terms and definitions," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1387-1401, Aug. 2004, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2004.825981. [4] N. Hatziargyriou et al., "Definition and Classification of Power System Stability – Revisited & Extended," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 3271-3281, July 2021, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3041774. -[5] NERC, "Reliability Guideline - Operating Reserve Management: Version 3," Jun. 8, 2021. Available: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Reliability_Guideline_Template_Operating_Reserve_Management_Version_3.pdf +[5] North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "Reliability Guideline - Operating Reserve Management: Version 3," Jun. 8, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/Reliability_Guideline_Template_Operating_Reserve_Management_Version_3.pdf + +[6] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Glossary,” Market Assessments. Accessed: Aug. 31, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.ferc.gov/industries-data/market-assessments/overview/glossary + +[7] North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "Ancillary Service and Balancing Authority Area Solutions to Integrate Variable Generation," Mar. 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/IVGTF2-3.pdf + +[8] North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "Technical Rationale and Justification for TPL-008-1,", Oct. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Project202307ModtoTPL00151TransSystPlanPerfReqExWe2023-07_TPL-008-1%20Technical%20Rationale%20-%20Draft_3_100724.pdf diff --git a/assets/img/poster/six_region.png b/assets/img/poster/six_region.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..240b130cd77e Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/img/poster/six_region.png differ