diff --git a/src/core/drive/error_renderer.ts b/src/core/drive/error_renderer.ts
index bd729c2b9..22deb43e7 100644
--- a/src/core/drive/error_renderer.ts
+++ b/src/core/drive/error_renderer.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { PageSnapshot } from "./page_snapshot"
 import { Renderer } from "../renderer"
+import { activateScriptElement } from "../../util"
 
 export class ErrorRenderer extends Renderer<HTMLBodyElement, PageSnapshot> {
   static renderElement(currentElement: HTMLBodyElement, newElement: HTMLBodyElement) {
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ export class ErrorRenderer extends Renderer<HTMLBodyElement, PageSnapshot> {
     for (const replaceableElement of this.scriptElements) {
       const parentNode = replaceableElement.parentNode
       if (parentNode) {
-        const element = this.createScriptElement(replaceableElement)
+        const element = activateScriptElement(replaceableElement)
         parentNode.replaceChild(element, replaceableElement)
       }
     }
@@ -34,6 +35,6 @@ export class ErrorRenderer extends Renderer<HTMLBodyElement, PageSnapshot> {
   }
 
   get scriptElements() {
-    return [...document.documentElement.querySelectorAll("script")]
+    return document.documentElement.querySelectorAll("script")
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/core/drive/head_snapshot.ts b/src/core/drive/head_snapshot.ts
index e6361aeaf..70fb0ea9b 100644
--- a/src/core/drive/head_snapshot.ts
+++ b/src/core/drive/head_snapshot.ts
@@ -40,19 +40,19 @@ export class HeadSnapshot extends Snapshot<HTMLHeadElement> {
   }
 
   getScriptElementsNotInSnapshot(snapshot: HeadSnapshot) {
-    return this.getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot("script", snapshot)
+    return this.getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot<HTMLScriptElement>("script", snapshot)
   }
 
   getStylesheetElementsNotInSnapshot(snapshot: HeadSnapshot) {
-    return this.getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot("stylesheet", snapshot)
+    return this.getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot<HTMLLinkElement>("stylesheet", snapshot)
   }
 
-  getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot(matchedType: ElementType, snapshot: HeadSnapshot) {
+  getElementsMatchingTypeNotInSnapshot<T extends Element>(matchedType: ElementType, snapshot: HeadSnapshot): T[] {
     return Object.keys(this.detailsByOuterHTML)
       .filter((outerHTML) => !(outerHTML in snapshot.detailsByOuterHTML))
       .map((outerHTML) => this.detailsByOuterHTML[outerHTML])
       .filter(({ type }) => type == matchedType)
-      .map(({ elements: [element] }) => element)
+      .map(({ elements: [element] }) => element) as T[]
   }
 
   get provisionalElements(): Element[] {
diff --git a/src/core/drive/page_renderer.ts b/src/core/drive/page_renderer.ts
index ca61c6f1d..08793f232 100644
--- a/src/core/drive/page_renderer.ts
+++ b/src/core/drive/page_renderer.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Renderer } from "../renderer"
 import { PageSnapshot } from "./page_snapshot"
 import { ReloadReason } from "../native/browser_adapter"
-import { waitForLoad } from "../../util"
+import { activateScriptElement, waitForLoad } from "../../util"
 
 export class PageRenderer extends Renderer<HTMLBodyElement, PageSnapshot> {
   static renderElement(currentElement: HTMLBodyElement, newElement: HTMLBodyElement) {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ export class PageRenderer extends Renderer<HTMLBodyElement, PageSnapshot> {
 
   copyNewHeadScriptElements() {
     for (const element of this.newHeadScriptElements) {
-      document.head.appendChild(this.createScriptElement(element))
+      document.head.appendChild(activateScriptElement(element))
     }
   }
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ export class PageRenderer extends Renderer<HTMLBodyElement, PageSnapshot> {
 
   activateNewBodyScriptElements() {
     for (const inertScriptElement of this.newBodyScriptElements) {
-      const activatedScriptElement = this.createScriptElement(inertScriptElement)
+      const activatedScriptElement = activateScriptElement(inertScriptElement)
       inertScriptElement.replaceWith(activatedScriptElement)
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/core/frames/frame_renderer.ts b/src/core/frames/frame_renderer.ts
index 2243bff02..4f9a17253 100644
--- a/src/core/frames/frame_renderer.ts
+++ b/src/core/frames/frame_renderer.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { FrameElement } from "../../elements/frame_element"
-import { nextAnimationFrame } from "../../util"
+import { activateScriptElement, nextAnimationFrame } from "../../util"
 import { Render, Renderer } from "../renderer"
 import { Snapshot } from "../snapshot"
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export class FrameRenderer extends Renderer<FrameElement> {
 
   activateScriptElements() {
     for (const inertScriptElement of this.newScriptElements) {
-      const activatedScriptElement = this.createScriptElement(inertScriptElement)
+      const activatedScriptElement = activateScriptElement(inertScriptElement)
       inertScriptElement.replaceWith(activatedScriptElement)
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/core/renderer.ts b/src/core/renderer.ts
index 53096bc87..91d917aa0 100644
--- a/src/core/renderer.ts
+++ b/src/core/renderer.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { ResolvingFunctions } from "./types"
 import { Bardo, BardoDelegate } from "./bardo"
 import { Snapshot } from "./snapshot"
 import { ReloadReason } from "./native/browser_adapter"
-import { getMetaContent } from "../util"
 
 export type Render<E> = (newElement: E, currentElement: E) => void
 
@@ -46,21 +45,6 @@ export abstract class Renderer<E extends Element, S extends Snapshot<E> = Snapsh
     }
   }
 
-  createScriptElement(element: Element) {
-    if (element.getAttribute("data-turbo-eval") == "false") {
-      return element
-    } else {
-      const createdScriptElement = document.createElement("script")
-      if (this.cspNonce) {
-        createdScriptElement.nonce = this.cspNonce
-      }
-      createdScriptElement.textContent = element.textContent
-      createdScriptElement.async = false
-      copyElementAttributes(createdScriptElement, element)
-      return createdScriptElement
-    }
-  }
-
   preservingPermanentElements(callback: () => void) {
     Bardo.preservingPermanentElements(this, this.permanentElementMap, callback)
   }
@@ -105,16 +89,6 @@ export abstract class Renderer<E extends Element, S extends Snapshot<E> = Snapsh
   get permanentElementMap() {
     return this.currentSnapshot.getPermanentElementMapForSnapshot(this.newSnapshot)
   }
-
-  get cspNonce() {
-    return getMetaContent("csp-nonce")
-  }
-}
-
-function copyElementAttributes(destinationElement: Element, sourceElement: Element) {
-  for (const { name, value } of [...sourceElement.attributes]) {
-    destinationElement.setAttribute(name, value)
-  }
 }
 
 function elementIsFocusable(element: any): element is { focus: () => void } {
diff --git a/src/core/streams/stream_message.ts b/src/core/streams/stream_message.ts
index e51c92902..e6ca389a4 100644
--- a/src/core/streams/stream_message.ts
+++ b/src/core/streams/stream_message.ts
@@ -1,40 +1,33 @@
 import { StreamElement } from "../../elements/stream_element"
+import { activateScriptElement, createDocumentFragment } from "../../util"
 
 export class StreamMessage {
   static readonly contentType = "text/vnd.turbo-stream.html"
-  readonly templateElement = document.createElement("template")
+  readonly fragment: DocumentFragment
 
   static wrap(message: StreamMessage | string) {
     if (typeof message == "string") {
-      return new this(message)
+      return new this(createDocumentFragment(message))
     } else {
       return message
     }
   }
 
-  constructor(html: string) {
-    this.templateElement.innerHTML = html
+  constructor(fragment: DocumentFragment) {
+    this.fragment = importStreamElements(fragment)
   }
+}
+
+function importStreamElements(fragment: DocumentFragment): DocumentFragment {
+  for (const element of fragment.querySelectorAll<StreamElement>("turbo-stream")) {
+    const streamElement = document.importNode(element, true)
 
-  get fragment() {
-    const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment()
-    for (const element of this.foreignElements) {
-      fragment.appendChild(document.importNode(element, true))
+    for (const inertScriptElement of streamElement.templateElement.content.querySelectorAll("script")) {
+      inertScriptElement.replaceWith(activateScriptElement(inertScriptElement))
     }
-    return fragment
-  }
 
-  get foreignElements() {
-    return this.templateChildren.reduce((streamElements, child) => {
-      if (child.tagName.toLowerCase() == "turbo-stream") {
-        return [...streamElements, child as StreamElement]
-      } else {
-        return streamElements
-      }
-    }, [] as StreamElement[])
+    element.replaceWith(streamElement)
   }
 
-  get templateChildren() {
-    return Array.from(this.templateElement.content.children)
-  }
+  return fragment
 }
diff --git a/src/observers/stream_observer.ts b/src/observers/stream_observer.ts
index 03c1f0193..2b7f38056 100644
--- a/src/observers/stream_observer.ts
+++ b/src/observers/stream_observer.ts
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export class StreamObserver {
   }
 
   receiveMessageHTML(html: string) {
-    this.delegate.receivedMessageFromStream(new StreamMessage(html))
+    this.delegate.receivedMessageFromStream(StreamMessage.wrap(html))
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/tests/fixtures/stream.html b/src/tests/fixtures/stream.html
index 9b591a7b5..f7bf22417 100644
--- a/src/tests/fixtures/stream.html
+++ b/src/tests/fixtures/stream.html
@@ -6,18 +6,17 @@
     <script src="/dist/turbo.es2017-umd.js" data-turbo-track="reload"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <turbo-stream-source id="stream-source" src="/__turbo/messages"></turbo-stream-source>
-    <form id="create" method="post" action="/__turbo/messages">
+    <form id="append-target" method="post" action="/__turbo/messages">
       <input type="hidden" name="content" value="Hello world!">
       <input type="hidden" name="type" value="stream">
-      <button type="submit">Create</button>
+      <button>Create</button>
     </form>
 
-    <form id="replace" method="post" action="/__turbo/messages">
+    <form id="append-targets" method="post" action="/__turbo/messages">
       <input type="hidden" name="content" value="Hello CSS!">
       <input type="hidden" name="targets" value=".messages">
       <input type="hidden" name="type" value="stream">
-      <button type="submit">Replace</button>
+      <button>Replace</button>
     </form>
 
     <form id="async" method="post" action="/__turbo/messages">
@@ -28,10 +27,10 @@
     <div id="messages">
       <div class="message">First</div>
     </div>
-    <div class="messages" id="message_2">
+    <div id="messages_2" class="messages">
       <div class="message">Second</div>
     </div>
-    <div class="messages">
+    <div id="messages_3" class="messages">
       <div class="message">Third</div>
     </div>
   </body>
diff --git a/src/tests/functional/stream_tests.ts b/src/tests/functional/stream_tests.ts
index 3f08aa234..ca42c81bc 100644
--- a/src/tests/functional/stream_tests.ts
+++ b/src/tests/functional/stream_tests.ts
@@ -7,30 +7,47 @@ test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
 })
 
 test("test receiving a stream message", async ({ page }) => {
-  const selector = "#messages div.message:last-child"
+  const messages = await page.locator("#messages .message")
 
-  assert.equal(await page.textContent(selector), "First")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages.allTextContents(), ["First"])
 
-  await page.click("#create [type=submit]")
+  await page.click("#append-target button")
   await nextBeat()
 
-  assert.equal(await page.textContent(selector), "Hello world!")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages.allTextContents(), ["First", "Hello world!"])
 })
 
 test("test receiving a stream message with css selector target", async ({ page }) => {
-  let element
-  const selector = ".messages div.message:last-child"
+  const messages2 = await page.locator("#messages_2 .message")
+  const messages3 = await page.locator("#messages_3 .message")
 
-  element = await page.locator(selector).allTextContents()
-  assert.equal(await element[0], "Second")
-  assert.equal(await element[1], "Third")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages2.allTextContents(), ["Second"])
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages3.allTextContents(), ["Third"])
 
-  await page.click("#replace [type=submit]")
+  await page.click("#append-targets button")
   await nextBeat()
 
-  element = await page.locator(selector).allTextContents()
-  assert.equal(await element[0], "Hello CSS!")
-  assert.equal(await element[1], "Hello CSS!")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages2.allTextContents(), ["Second", "Hello CSS!"])
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages3.allTextContents(), ["Third", "Hello CSS!"])
+})
+
+test("test receiving a message with a <script> element", async ({ page }) => {
+  const messages = await page.locator("#messages .message")
+
+  await page.evaluate(() =>
+    window.Turbo.renderStreamMessage(`
+      <turbo-stream action="append" target="messages">
+        <template>
+          <script>
+            const messages = document.querySelector("#messages .message")
+            messages.textContent = "Hello from script"
+          </script>
+        </template>
+      </turbo-stream>
+    `)
+  )
+
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages.allTextContents(), ["Hello from script"])
 })
 
 test("test overriding with custom StreamActions", async ({ page }) => {
@@ -40,32 +57,31 @@ test("test overriding with custom StreamActions", async ({ page }) => {
     window.Turbo.StreamActions.customUpdate = function () {
       for (const target of this.targetElements) target.innerHTML = html
     }
-    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML(
-      "afterbegin",
-      `<turbo-stream action="customUpdate" target="messages">
+    window.Turbo.renderStreamMessage(`
+      <turbo-stream action="customUpdate" target="messages">
         <template></template>
-      </turbo-stream>`
-    )
+      </turbo-stream>
+    `)
   }, html)
 
   assert.equal(await page.textContent("#messages"), html, "evaluates custom StreamAction")
 })
 
 test("test receiving a stream message asynchronously", async ({ page }) => {
-  let messages = await page.locator("#messages > *").allTextContents()
+  await page.evaluate(() => {
+    document.body.insertAdjacentHTML(
+      "afterbegin",
+      `<turbo-stream-source id="stream-source" src="/__turbo/messages"></turbo-stream-source>`
+    )
+  })
+  const messages = await page.locator("#messages .message")
 
-  assert.ok(messages[0])
-  assert.notOk(messages[1], "receives streams when connected")
-  assert.notOk(messages[2], "receives streams when connected")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages.allTextContents(), ["First"])
 
   await page.click("#async button")
   await nextBeat()
 
-  messages = await page.locator("#messages > *").allTextContents()
-
-  assert.ok(messages[0])
-  assert.ok(messages[1], "receives streams when connected")
-  assert.notOk(messages[2], "receives streams when connected")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages.allTextContents(), ["First", "Hello world!"])
 
   await page.evaluate(() => document.getElementById("stream-source")?.remove())
   await nextBeat()
@@ -73,9 +89,5 @@ test("test receiving a stream message asynchronously", async ({ page }) => {
   await page.click("#async button")
   await nextBeat()
 
-  messages = await page.locator("#messages > *").allTextContents()
-
-  assert.ok(messages[0])
-  assert.ok(messages[1], "receives streams when connected")
-  assert.notOk(messages[2], "does not receive streams when disconnected")
+  assert.deepEqual(await messages.allTextContents(), ["First", "Hello world!"])
 })
diff --git a/src/util.ts b/src/util.ts
index dec113258..ee7db4b7d 100644
--- a/src/util.ts
+++ b/src/util.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,34 @@ export type DispatchOptions<T extends CustomEvent> = {
   detail: T["detail"]
 }
 
+export function activateScriptElement(element: HTMLScriptElement) {
+  if (element.getAttribute("data-turbo-eval") == "false") {
+    return element
+  } else {
+    const createdScriptElement = document.createElement("script")
+    const cspNonce = getMetaContent("csp-nonce")
+    if (cspNonce) {
+      createdScriptElement.nonce = cspNonce
+    }
+    createdScriptElement.textContent = element.textContent
+    createdScriptElement.async = false
+    copyElementAttributes(createdScriptElement, element)
+    return createdScriptElement
+  }
+}
+
+function copyElementAttributes(destinationElement: Element, sourceElement: Element) {
+  for (const { name, value } of sourceElement.attributes) {
+    destinationElement.setAttribute(name, value)
+  }
+}
+
+export function createDocumentFragment(html: string): DocumentFragment {
+  const template = document.createElement("template")
+  template.innerHTML = html
+  return template.content
+}
+
 export function dispatch<T extends CustomEvent>(
   eventName: string,
   { target, cancelable, detail }: Partial<DispatchOptions<T>> = {}