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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>1 Introduction | Knowledge Pool</title>
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="1 Introduction | Knowledge Pool" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="This is a work-in-progress knowledge pool of the systemic impact of transport digitalisation and automation." />
<meta name="author" content="Institute for Transport Studies (IVe), University of Natural Resources and Life in Vienna" />
<meta name="date" content="2021-01-18" />
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<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">Knowledge Pool</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-of-content.html"><a href="table-of-content.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Table of content</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="1-intro.html"><a href="1-intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="2-infrastructure.html"><a href="2-infrastructure.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Physical road infrastructure</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Dedicated lanes for connected and automated vehicles (CAV)</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#synonyms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Synonyms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#definition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Definition</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#key-stakeholders"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Key stakeholders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#current-state-of-art-in-research"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Current state of art in research</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#current-state-of-art-in-practice"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Current state of art in practice</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#relevant-initiatives-in-austria"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Relevant initiatives in Austria</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#impacts-with-respect-to-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Impacts with respect to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#technology-and-societal-readiness-level"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Technology and societal readiness level</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#open-questions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Open questions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#further-links"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Further links</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html"><a href="2-1-dedicated-lanes-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles-cav.html#references"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="2-2-cooperative-lane-control-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles.html"><a href="2-2-cooperative-lane-control-for-connected-and-automated-vehicles.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Cooperative lane control for connected and automated vehicles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="2-3-operational-design-domains-odd.html"><a href="2-3-operational-design-domains-odd.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Operational design domains (ODD)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="2-4-rail-crossing-information-system.html"><a href="2-4-rail-crossing-information-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Rail crossing information system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="2-5-electric-road-system.html"><a href="2-5-electric-road-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Electric road system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="2-6-high-occupancy-toll-lanes.html"><a href="2-6-high-occupancy-toll-lanes.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> High occupancy toll lanes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="2-7-public-transport-priority-systems.html"><a href="2-7-public-transport-priority-systems.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> Public transport priority systems</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8" data-path="2-8-transformation-of-public-space-and-digital-solutions.html"><a href="2-8-transformation-of-public-space-and-digital-solutions.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8</b> Transformation of public space and digital solutions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="3-highway.html"><a href="3-highway.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Highway infrastructure management</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="3-1-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-for-infrastructure-mainteinance.html"><a href="3-1-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-for-infrastructure-mainteinance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Unmanned aerial vehicles for infrastructure mainteinance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="3-2-electric-charging-stations.html"><a href="3-2-electric-charging-stations.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Electric charging stations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="4-traffic.html"><a href="4-traffic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Traffic management</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="4-1-platooning.html"><a href="4-1-platooning.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Platooning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="4-2-real-time-traffic-information-and-monitoring.html"><a href="4-2-real-time-traffic-information-and-monitoring.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Real-time traffic information and monitoring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="4-3-cooperative-intelligent-transport-system.html"><a href="4-3-cooperative-intelligent-transport-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Cooperative - intelligent transport system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="4-4-dynamic-route-guidance.html"><a href="4-4-dynamic-route-guidance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Dynamic route guidance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="4-5-variable-speed-limits-and-dynamic-signage-system.html"><a href="4-5-variable-speed-limits-and-dynamic-signage-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Variable speed limits and dynamic signage system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="4-6-passengers-and-goods-fleet-management.html"><a href="4-6-passengers-and-goods-fleet-management.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Passengers and goods fleet management</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="4-7-urban-access-management.html"><a href="4-7-urban-access-management.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> Urban access management</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="5-pricing.html"><a href="5-pricing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Road pricing</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="5-1-congestion-charging.html"><a href="5-1-congestion-charging.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Congestion charging</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="6-digital.html"><a href="6-digital.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Digital road infrastructure and connectivity</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="6-1-vehicle-to-infrastructure-communication.html"><a href="6-1-vehicle-to-infrastructure-communication.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Vehicle to infrastructure communication</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="6-2-infrastructure-support-levels-for-automated-driving.html"><a href="6-2-infrastructure-support-levels-for-automated-driving.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Infrastructure support levels for automated driving</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="6-3-vehicle-to-vehicle-communication.html"><a href="6-3-vehicle-to-vehicle-communication.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Vehicle to vehicle communication</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="6-4-wireless-communication.html"><a href="6-4-wireless-communication.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Wireless communication</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="7-passenger.html"><a href="7-passenger.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Passenger information system</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="7-1-digital-journey-planner.html"><a href="7-1-digital-journey-planner.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Digital journey planner</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="7-2-rail-telematics-for-passenger-services.html"><a href="7-2-rail-telematics-for-passenger-services.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Rail telematics for passenger services</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="7-3-multimodal-information-and-route-planning.html"><a href="7-3-multimodal-information-and-route-planning.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Multimodal information and route planning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="7-4-real-time-location-based-information.html"><a href="7-4-real-time-location-based-information.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Real-time, location-based information</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="8-multimodal.html"><a href="8-multimodal.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Multimodal integrated system</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="8-1-first-last-mile-solutions.html"><a href="8-1-first-last-mile-solutions.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> First-last mile solutions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="8-2-distance-or-time-based-fares.html"><a href="8-2-distance-or-time-based-fares.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Distance or time-based fares</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="8-3-mobility-as-a-service.html"><a href="8-3-mobility-as-a-service.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Mobility as a service</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="8-4-park-and-ride.html"><a href="8-4-park-and-ride.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Park and ride</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="8-5-contantless-public-transport-cards.html"><a href="8-5-contantless-public-transport-cards.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Contantless public transport cards</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="8-6-information-and-assistance-for-people-with-special-needs.html"><a href="8-6-information-and-assistance-for-people-with-special-needs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> Information and assistance for people with special needs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="8-7-mobilityfreight-hubs.html"><a href="8-7-mobilityfreight-hubs.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> Mobility/Freight hubs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="9-connected.html"><a href="9-connected.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Connected and autonomous driving</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="9-1-parking-infrastructure-for-autonomous-vehicles.html"><a href="9-1-parking-infrastructure-for-autonomous-vehicles.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Parking infrastructure for autonomous vehicles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="9-2-connected-vehicles.html"><a href="9-2-connected-vehicles.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Connected vehicles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="9-3-automated-vehicles.html"><a href="9-3-automated-vehicles.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Automated vehicles</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="10-onboard.html"><a href="10-onboard.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> On-board technology for connected and automated vehicles</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="10-1-advanced-driver-assistance-system.html"><a href="10-1-advanced-driver-assistance-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Advanced driver assistance system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="10-2-parking-assistance-system.html"><a href="10-2-parking-assistance-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Parking assistance system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="10-3-lane-keeping.html"><a href="10-3-lane-keeping.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Lane keeping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="10-4-distane-keeping.html"><a href="10-4-distane-keeping.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Distane keeping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="10-5-crash-avoidance.html"><a href="10-5-crash-avoidance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Crash avoidance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="10-6-mainteinance-assistance.html"><a href="10-6-mainteinance-assistance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> Mainteinance assistance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="10-7-digital-maps.html"><a href="10-7-digital-maps.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7</b> Digital maps</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.8" data-path="10-8-e-horizon.html"><a href="10-8-e-horizon.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.8</b> E-Horizon</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.9" data-path="10-9-emergency-call.html"><a href="10-9-emergency-call.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.9</b> Emergency call</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="11-freight.html"><a href="11-freight.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Freight and commercial transport</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="11-1-automated-road-freight.html"><a href="11-1-automated-road-freight.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Automated road freight</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="11-2-freight-dreyage-optimisation.html"><a href="11-2-freight-dreyage-optimisation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Freight dreyage optimisation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="11-3-tracking-and-tracing-of-dangerous-goods.html"><a href="11-3-tracking-and-tracing-of-dangerous-goods.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Tracking and tracing of dangerous goods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="11-4-intermodal-freight.html"><a href="11-4-intermodal-freight.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> Intermodal Freight</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="11-5-real-time-disruption-management-and-route-planning.html"><a href="11-5-real-time-disruption-management-and-route-planning.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> Real-time disruption management and route planning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="11-6-traffic-signal-control.html"><a href="11-6-traffic-signal-control.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Traffic signal control</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="11-7-urban-deliveries.html"><a href="11-7-urban-deliveries.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> Urban Deliveries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.8" data-path="11-8-parcel-load-pooling.html"><a href="11-8-parcel-load-pooling.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.8</b> Parcel load pooling</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.9" data-path="11-9-intelligent-truck-parking-and-delivery-space-booking.html"><a href="11-9-intelligent-truck-parking-and-delivery-space-booking.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.9</b> Intelligent truck parking and delivery space booking</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.10" data-path="11-10-freight-drones.html"><a href="11-10-freight-drones.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.10</b> Freight drones</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.11" data-path="11-11-commercial-vehicle-on-board-safety-systems.html"><a href="11-11-commercial-vehicle-on-board-safety-systems.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.11</b> Commercial vehicle on-board safety systems</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.12" data-path="11-12-truck-platooning.html"><a href="11-12-truck-platooning.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.12</b> Truck Platooning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.13" data-path="11-13-rail-telematics-for-freight-services.html"><a href="11-13-rail-telematics-for-freight-services.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.13</b> Rail telematics for freight services</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.14" data-path="11-14-electric-vehicle-delivery-fleets.html"><a href="11-14-electric-vehicle-delivery-fleets.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.14</b> Electric vehicle delivery fleets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.15" data-path="11-15-multimodal-transport-management-systems.html"><a href="11-15-multimodal-transport-management-systems.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.15</b> Multimodal transport management systems</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.16" data-path="11-16-cooperative-adaptive-cruise-control-in-trucks.html"><a href="11-16-cooperative-adaptive-cruise-control-in-trucks.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.16</b> Cooperative adaptive cruise control in trucks</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="12-collective.html"><a href="12-collective.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Collective mobility vehicles</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="12-1-demand-responsive-transit.html"><a href="12-1-demand-responsive-transit.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Demand responsive transit</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="12-2-personal-rapid-transit.html"><a href="12-2-personal-rapid-transit.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Personal rapid transit</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="12-3-bus-rapid-transit.html"><a href="12-3-bus-rapid-transit.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Bus rapid transit</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="12-4-light-rail-transit.html"><a href="12-4-light-rail-transit.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Light rail transit</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="12-5-passenger-drones.html"><a href="12-5-passenger-drones.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> Passenger drones</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="12-6-automatic-train-operations.html"><a href="12-6-automatic-train-operations.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.6</b> Automatic train operations</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="13-big.html"><a href="13-big.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Big data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="13-1-automatic-identification-system-fir-maritime-transport.html"><a href="13-1-automatic-identification-system-fir-maritime-transport.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Automatic identification system fir maritime transport</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="13-2-big-data-lifecycle.html"><a href="13-2-big-data-lifecycle.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Big data lifecycle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="13-3-location-based-data.html"><a href="13-3-location-based-data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Location-based data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="13-4-aircraft-tracking-system.html"><a href="13-4-aircraft-tracking-system.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> Aircraft tracking system</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="13-5-big-data-tools-for-maping-and-forecasting-travel-behaviour.html"><a href="13-5-big-data-tools-for-maping-and-forecasting-travel-behaviour.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Big data tools for maping and forecasting travel behaviour</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="14-shared.html"><a href="14-shared.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Shared mobility</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="14-1-car-sharing.html"><a href="14-1-car-sharing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Car sharing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="14-2-bicycle-and-e-bicycle-hire.html"><a href="14-2-bicycle-and-e-bicycle-hire.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Bicycle and e-bicycle hire</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3" data-path="14-3-e-scooter-hire.html"><a href="14-3-e-scooter-hire.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3</b> E-scooter hire</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4" data-path="14-4-ride-hailing.html"><a href="14-4-ride-hailing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4</b> Ride-hailing</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="15-alternative.html"><a href="15-alternative.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Alternative power sources</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="15-1-hydrogen-fuel-cell.html"><a href="15-1-hydrogen-fuel-cell.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Hydrogen fuel cell</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="15-2-battery-electric.html"><a href="15-2-battery-electric.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Battery electric</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="15-3-plugin-hybrid-vehicles.html"><a href="15-3-plugin-hybrid-vehicles.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Plugin hybrid vehicles</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="16-reference.html"><a href="16-reference.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> References</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://martynabogacz.github.io/knowledge-pool/" target="blank">Published with bookdown</a></li>
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<h1><span class="header-section-number">1</span> Introduction</h1>
<p>This work gathers and defines essential concepts related to automation and digitalisation of transport system together with the description of their impact, both negative and positive on <strong>individual</strong>, <strong>systemic</strong> and <strong>economy level</strong>. This knowledge pool is driven by the fact that automation and digitalisation are progressing quickly, although not uniformly across all areas within transport context. Therefore, to understand spectrum of possibilities that they bring, it is necessary to explain key concepts, demonstrate their level of maturity and current market penetration, and finally assess their impact on different levels. Given this approach, the page of each topic contains the following elements:<strong>definition</strong> of the phenomenon,
<strong>key stakeholders</strong> who are the main parties responsible for and affected by the given technological development. Then, we include two subsections on <strong>current state of art in research and practice</strong>. The former one summarizes the most recent research in a given topic while the latter explains the current stage of implementation of given technology in the real world. Further, section named <strong>relevant initiatives in Austria</strong> covers the leading initaitives within given topic and potential for Austrain actors. Moreover, we provide the summary table of the impacts of the concept on selected <strong>sustainable development goals</strong> (SDGs). Beyond, to provide an objective measure of technology maturity within each topic we include so-called <strong>technology readiness scale</strong> (Willismson & Beasley, 2011) and <strong>societal readiness scale</strong>, as described below:<br/></p>
<div class="figure"><span id="fig:unnamed-chunk-2"></span>
<img src="image/TRL.jpg" alt="Technology readiness scale" width="200%" />
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Figure 1.1: Technology readiness scale
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<img src="image/SRL.jpg" alt="Societal readiness scale" width="200%" />
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Figure 1.2: Societal readiness scale
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<p>Finally, we provide a list of <strong>outstanding questions</strong> and <strong>links to additional sources</strong> on the topic.</p>
<p><strong>References</strong> <br/></p>
<ul>
<li>Williamson, R., & Beasley, J. (2011). Automotive technology and manufacturing readiness levels: a guide to recognised stages of development within the automotive industry. URN11/672.</li>
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