Add Catalog DB Schema subcommands to flight_sql_client

[nathanielc]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge? Please describe what you are trying to do.

When using the flight_sql_client it can be helpful to interrogate the Flight SQL server for information about available catalogs, db schemas and tables.

Describe the solution you'd like
Adding subcommands to the CLI that mirror the various FlightSQL commands about catalogs, schemas and tables.

Describe alternatives you've considered
We could support SHOW ... variant queries and map them to the FlightSQL commands, however this is likely not as portable as a direct mapping of CLI subcommand to FlightSQL command.

Additional context

I have PR in progress.

[alamb]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'arrow'} from #6332

[alamb]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'arrow-flight'} from #6332