diff --git a/newsfragments/3378.changed.md b/newsfragments/3378.changed.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..548ab0ce4c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/newsfragments/3378.changed.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add `__builtins__` to globals in `py.run()` and `py.eval()` if they're missing.
diff --git a/src/marker.rs b/src/marker.rs
index 4dd51000e54..bb493d9b189 100644
--- a/src/marker.rs
+++ b/src/marker.rs
@@ -544,6 +544,9 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
     /// If `globals` is `None`, it defaults to Python module `__main__`.
     /// If `locals` is `None`, it defaults to the value of `globals`.
     ///
+    /// If `globals` doesn't contain `__builtins__`, default `__builtins__`
+    /// will be added automatically.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -568,6 +571,9 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
     /// If `globals` is `None`, it defaults to Python module `__main__`.
     /// If `locals` is `None`, it defaults to the value of `globals`.
     ///
+    /// If `globals` doesn't contain `__builtins__`, default `__builtins__`
+    /// will be added automatically.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```
     /// use pyo3::{
@@ -632,6 +638,29 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| ffi::PyModule_GetDict(mptr));
             let locals = locals.map(AsPyPointer::as_ptr).unwrap_or(globals);
 
+            // If `globals` don't provide `__builtins__`, most of the code will fail if Python
+            // version is <3.10. That's probably not what user intended, so insert `__builtins__`
+            // for them.
+            //
+            // See also:
+            // - https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/24564 (the same fix in CPython 3.10)
+            // - https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/3370
+            let builtins_s = crate::intern!(self, "__builtins__").as_ptr();
+            let has_builtins = ffi::PyDict_Contains(globals, builtins_s);
+            if has_builtins == -1 {
+                return Err(PyErr::fetch(self));
+            }
+            if has_builtins == 0 {
+                // Inherit current builtins.
+                let builtins = ffi::PyEval_GetBuiltins();
+
+                // `PyDict_SetItem` doesn't take ownership of `builtins`, but `PyEval_GetBuiltins`
+                // seems to return a borrowed reference, so no leak here.
+                if ffi::PyDict_SetItem(globals, builtins_s, builtins) == -1 {
+                    return Err(PyErr::fetch(self));
+                }
+            }
+
             let code_obj = ffi::Py_CompileString(code.as_ptr(), "<string>\0".as_ptr() as _, start);
             if code_obj.is_null() {
                 return Err(PyErr::fetch(self));
@@ -1031,7 +1060,7 @@ impl<'unbound> Python<'unbound> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{IntoPyDict, PyList};
+    use crate::types::{IntoPyDict, PyDict, PyList};
     use crate::Py;
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -1166,4 +1195,15 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(v.eq(py.Ellipsis()).unwrap());
         });
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_py_run_inserts_globals() {
+        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            let namespace = PyDict::new(py);
+            py.run("class Foo: pass", Some(namespace), Some(namespace))
+                .unwrap();
+            assert!(namespace.get_item("Foo").is_some());
+            assert!(namespace.get_item("__builtins__").is_some());
+        })
+    }
 }